Abstract
In this study we investigated the genetic control of avirulence in the diploid oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight on potato. The dominant avirulence (Avr) genes matched six race-specific resistance genes introgressed in potato from a wild Solanum species. AFLP markers linked to Avr genes were selected by bulked segregant analysis and used to construct two high-density linkage maps, one containing Avr4 (located on linkage group A2-a) and the other containing a cluster of three tightly linked genes, Avr3, Avr10, and Avr11 (located on linkage group VIII). Bulked segregant analysis also resulted in a marker linked to Avr1 and this allowed positioning of Avr1 on linkage group IV. No bulked segregant analysis was performed for Avr2, but linkage to a set of random markers placed Avr2 on linkage group VI. Of the six Avr genes, five were located on the most distal part of the linkage group, possibly close to the telomere. The high-density mapping was initiated to facilitate future positional cloning of P. infestans Avr genes.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (236.5 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Carter D. A., Buck K. W., Archer S. A., Van der Lee T., Shattock R. C., Shaw D. S. The detection of nonhybrid, trisomic, and triploid offspring in sexual progeny of a mating of Phytophthora infestans. Fungal Genet Biol. 1999 Apr;26(3):198–208. doi: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dioh W., Tharreau D., Notteghem J. L., Orbach M., Lebrun M. H. Mapping of avirulence genes in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, with RFLP and RAPD markers. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Feb;13(2):217–227. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.2.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellis J., Jones D. Structure and function of proteins controlling strain-specific pathogen resistance in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1998 Aug;1(4):288–293. doi: 10.1016/1369-5266(88)80048-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellis J., Lawrence G., Ayliffe M., Anderson P., Collins N., Finnegan J., Frost D., Luck J., Pryor T. Advances in the molecular genetic analysis of the flax-flax rust interaction. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1997;35:271–291. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freitas-Junior L. H., Bottius E., Pirrit L. A., Deitsch K. W., Scheidig C., Guinet F., Nehrbass U., Wellems T. E., Scherf A. Frequent ectopic recombination of virulence factor genes in telomeric chromosome clusters of P. falciparum. Nature. 2000 Oct 26;407(6807):1018–1022. doi: 10.1038/35039531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joosten M. H., Cozijnsen T. J., De Wit P. J. Host resistance to a fungal tomato pathogen lost by a single base-pair change in an avirulence gene. Nature. 1994 Jan 27;367(6461):384–386. doi: 10.1038/367384a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kamoun S, van West P, Vleeshouwers VG, de Groot KE, Govers F. Resistance of nicotiana benthamiana to phytophthora infestans is mediated by the recognition of the elicitor protein INF1 . Plant Cell. 1998 Sep;10(9):1413–1426. doi: 10.1105/tpc.10.9.1413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laugé R., De Wit P. J. Fungal avirulence genes: structure and possible functions. Fungal Genet Biol. 1998 Aug;24(3):285–297. doi: 10.1006/fgbi.1998.1076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meksem K., Leister D., Peleman J., Zabeau M., Salamini F., Gebhardt C. A high-resolution map of the vicinity of the R1 locus on chromosome V of potato based on RFLP and AFLP markers. Mol Gen Genet. 1995 Nov 1;249(1):74–81. doi: 10.1007/BF00290238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Michelmore R. W., Paran I., Kesseli R. V. Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9828–9832. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pieterse C. M., van West P., Verbakel H. M., Brassé P. W., van den Berg-Velthuis G. C., Govers F. Structure and genomic organization of the ipiB and ipiO gene clusters of Phytophthora infestans. Gene. 1994 Jan 28;138(1-2):67–77. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90784-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stringer J. R. Pneumocystis carinii: what is it, exactly? Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996 Oct;9(4):489–498. doi: 10.1128/cmr.9.4.489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van der Lee T, De Witte I, Drenth A, Alfonso C, Govers F. AFLP Linkage Map of the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Fungal Genet Biol. 1997 Jun;21(3):278–291. doi: 10.1006/fgbi.1997.0981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vos P., Hogers R., Bleeker M., Reijans M., van de Lee T., Hornes M., Frijters A., Pot J., Peleman J., Kuiper M. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Nov 11;23(21):4407–4414. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.21.4407. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whisson S. C., Drenth A., Maclean D. J., Irwin J. A. Phytophthora sojae avirulence genes, RAPD, and RFLP markers used to construct a detailed genetic linkage map. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1995 Nov-Dec;8(6):988–995. doi: 10.1094/mpmi-8-0988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]