Table 1.
Differences in dysregulated immune response between cancer and autoimmune disease
| Factor | Cancer | Autoimmune disease |
|---|---|---|
| Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells | Inhibition of phagocytosis7 | Impaired function of phagocytosis11 |
| Source of macrophage dysfunction activation9,10 | Soluble PS derived from tumour cells7 | Hereditary defect of complement |
| Macrophage phenotype/susceptibility to apoptosis | M2 macrophage/resistant to apoptosis19 | M1 macrophage/sensitive to apoptosis46 |
| Effect on APCs | Anti-inflammatory response | Pro-inflammatory response |
| Release of anti-inflammatory mediators(TGF-β, IL-10, PGE2)7 | Release of pro-inflammatory mediators(TNF-α, IL-6)40 | |
| Autoantibodies | Tumour antigen30–34 | Self antigen9,10,61 |
| CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells | Increase according to tumour progression35,36 | Decreased/dysfunctional12,50,53,54 |
| Immunological tolerance | Maintained60 | Destroyed51 |
APC, antigen-presenting cells; CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; IL-6, interleukin-6; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PS, phosphatidylserine; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α.