Table 1.
Incidence, Age, Survival, and Genetic, Epigenetic Changes, and Expression Profiles in Primary and Secondary Glioblastomas
| Primary glioblastoma | Secondary glioblastoma | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence rate* | 3.531 | 0.199 | |
| Incidence rate† | 2.575 | 0.167 | |
| Mean age | 62 years | 45 years | 6 |
| M/F ratio | 1.33 | 0.65 | 6 |
| Clinical history | <3 months: 68% | From grade II: | 6 |
| 3 to 6 months: 16% | 5.3 years | ||
| >6 months: 16% | From grade III: | ||
| (mean, 6.3 months) | 1.4 years | ||
| Survival | Median, 4.7 months | Median, 7.8 months | 5 |
| Genetic alterations | |||
| TP53 mutations | 28% | 65% | 5 |
| EGFR amplification | 36% | 8% | 5 |
| PTEN mutations | 25% | 4% | 5 |
| p16INK4adeletion | 31% | 19% | 5 |
| LOH 1p | 12% | 15% | 67 |
| LOH 10p | 47% | 8% | 54 |
| LOH 10q | 47% | 54% | 54 |
| 70% | 63% | 5 | |
| LOH 13q | 12% | 38% | 67 |
| LOH 19q | 6% | 54% | 67 |
| LOH 22q | 41% | 82% | 66 |
| Promoter methylation | |||
| p14ARF | 6% | 31% | 38 |
| p16INK4a | 3% | 19% | 38 |
| RB1 | 14% | 43% | 53 |
| MGMT | 36% | 75% | 78 |
| TIMP-3 | 28% | 71% | 66 |
| Expression profiles | |||
| Fas (APO-1/CD95)a | 100% | 21% | 71 |
| Survivina | 83% | 46% | 13 |
| MMP-9a | 69% | 14% | 14 |
| EGFRa | 63% | 10% | 15 |
| EGFRb | High | Low | 8 |
| MDM2a | 31% | 0% | 37 |
| VEGFc | High | Low | 16 |
| VEGF fms-related tyrosine kinase 1d | High | Low | 7 |
| IGFBP2d | High | Low | 7 |
| Tenascin-X-precursorb | High | Low | 8 |
| Enolase 1b | High | Low | 8 |
| Centrosome-associated protein 350b | High | Low | 8 |
| TP53a | 37% | 97% | 15 |
| ASCL1e | 33% | 88% | 85 |
| Loss of TIMP-3a | 17% | 64% | 66 |
| PDGF-ABc | Low | High | 16 |
| ERCC6b | Low | High | 8 |
| DUOX2b | Low | High | 8 |
| HNRPA3b | Low | High | 8 |
| WNT-11 protein precursorb | Low | High | 8 |
| Cadherin-related tumor suppressor homolog precursorb | Low | High | 8 |
| ADAMTS-19b | Low | High | 8 |
M/F, male/female; PDGF-AB, platelet-derived growth factor AB.
Bold indicates significantly more frequent than the other glioblastoma subtype.
*
Adjusted to the European Standard Population (per 100,000 persons per year).
†
Adjusted to the World Standard Population (per 100,000 persons per year).
a
Immunohistochemistry,
b
2-DGE,
c
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
d
cDNA array,
e
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.