Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1995 May 1;129(3):767–778. doi: 10.1083/jcb.129.3.767

Role of Bud3p in producing the axial budding pattern of yeast

PMCID: PMC2120433  PMID: 7730410

Abstract

Yeast cells can select bud sites in either of two distinct spatial patterns. a cells and alpha cells typically bud in an axial pattern, in which both mother and daughter cells form new buds adjacent to the preceding division site. In contrast, a/alpha cells typically bud in a bipolar pattern, in which new buds can form at either pole of the cell. The BUD3 gene is specifically required for the axial pattern of budding: mutations of BUD3 (including a deletion) affect the axial pattern but not the bipolar pattern. The sequence of BUD3 predicts a product (Bud3p) of 1635 amino acids with no strong or instructive similarities to previously known proteins. However, immunofluorescence localization of Bud3p has revealed that it assembles in an apparent double ring encircling the mother-bud neck shortly after the mitotic spindle forms. The Bud3p structure at the neck persists until cytokinesis, when it splits to yield a single ring of Bud3p marking the division site on each of the two progeny cells. These single rings remain for much of the ensuing unbudded phase and then disassemble. The Bud3p rings are indistinguishable from those of the neck filament- associated proteins (Cdc3p, Cdc10p, Cdc11p, and Cdc12p), except that the latter proteins assemble before bud emergence and remain in place for the duration of the cell cycle. Upon shift of a temperature- sensitive cdc12 mutant to restrictive temperature, localization of both Bud3p and the neck filament-associated proteins is rapidly lost. In addition, a haploid cdc11 mutant loses its axial-budding pattern upon shift to restrictive temperature. Taken together, the data suggest that Bud3p and the neck filaments are linked in a cycle in which each controls the position of the other's assembly: Bud3p assembles onto the neck filaments in one cell cycle to mark the site for axial budding (including assembly of the new ring of neck filaments) in the next cell cycle. As the expression and localization of Bud3p are similar in a, alpha, and a/alpha cells, additional regulation must exist such that Bud3p restricts the position of bud formation in a and alpha cells but not in a/alpha cells.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.3 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams A. E., Pringle J. R. Relationship of actin and tubulin distribution to bud growth in wild-type and morphogenetic-mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;98(3):934–945. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.3.934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams A. E., Pringle J. R. Staining of actin with fluorochrome-conjugated phalloidin. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:729–731. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94054-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bender A. Genetic evidence for the roles of the bud-site-selection genes BUD5 and BUD2 in control of the Rsr1p (Bud1p) GTPase in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 1;90(21):9926–9929. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.9926. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bender A., Pringle J. R. Multicopy suppression of the cdc24 budding defect in yeast by CDC42 and three newly identified genes including the ras-related gene RSR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):9976–9980. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Byers B., Goetsch L. A highly ordered ring of membrane-associated filaments in budding yeast. J Cell Biol. 1976 Jun;69(3):717–721. doi: 10.1083/jcb.69.3.717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Byers B., Goetsch L. Behavior of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1975 Oct;124(1):511–523. doi: 10.1128/jb.124.1.511-523.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chant J., Corrado K., Pringle J. R., Herskowitz I. Yeast BUD5, encoding a putative GDP-GTP exchange factor, is necessary for bud site selection and interacts with bud formation gene BEM1. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1213–1224. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90016-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chant J., Herskowitz I. Genetic control of bud site selection in yeast by a set of gene products that constitute a morphogenetic pathway. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1203–1212. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90015-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chant J., Pringle J. R. Budding and cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1991 Oct;1(3):342–350. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80298-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chant J., Pringle J. R. Patterns of bud-site selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1995 May;129(3):751–765. doi: 10.1083/jcb.129.3.751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Drubin D. G. Development of cell polarity in budding yeast. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1093–1096. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90001-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Flescher E. G., Madden K., Snyder M. Components required for cytokinesis are important for bud site selection in yeast. J Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;122(2):373–386. doi: 10.1083/jcb.122.2.373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ford S. K., Pringle J. R. Cellular morphogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle: localization of the CDC11 gene product and the timing of events at the budding site. Dev Genet. 1991;12(4):281–292. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020120405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Haarer B. K., Pringle J. R. Immunofluorescence localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC12 gene product to the vicinity of the 10-nm filaments in the mother-bud neck. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3678–3687. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hartwell L. H. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res. 1971 Dec;69(2):265–276. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90223-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hyman A. A. Centrosome movement in the early divisions of Caenorhabditis elegans: a cortical site determining centrosome position. J Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;109(3):1185–1193. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.3.1185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hyman A. A., White J. G. Determination of cell division axes in the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Biol. 1987 Nov;105(5):2123–2135. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.5.2123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ito H., Fukuda Y., Murata K., Kimura A. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):163–168. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.163-168.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Jacobs C. W., Adams A. E., Szaniszlo P. J., Pringle J. R. Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J Cell Biol. 1988 Oct;107(4):1409–1426. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.4.1409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kilmartin J. V., Adams A. E. Structural rearrangements of tubulin and actin during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces. J Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;98(3):922–933. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.3.922. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kim H. B., Haarer B. K., Pringle J. R. Cellular morphogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle: localization of the CDC3 gene product and the timing of events at the budding site. J Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;112(4):535–544. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.4.535. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kleid D. G., Yansura D., Small B., Dowbenko D., Moore D. M., Grubman M. J., McKercher P. D., Morgan D. O., Robertson B. H., Bachrach H. L. Cloned viral protein vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease: responses in cattle and swine. Science. 1981 Dec 4;214(4525):1125–1129. doi: 10.1126/science.6272395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Koerner T. J., Hill J. E., Myers A. M., Tzagoloff A. High-expression vectors with multiple cloning sites for construction of trpE fusion genes: pATH vectors. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:477–490. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94036-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Lew D. J., Reed S. I. Morphogenesis in the yeast cell cycle: regulation by Cdc28 and cyclins. J Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;120(6):1305–1320. doi: 10.1083/jcb.120.6.1305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Lillie S. H., Pringle J. R. Reserve carbohydrate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: responses to nutrient limitation. J Bacteriol. 1980 Sep;143(3):1384–1394. doi: 10.1128/jb.143.3.1384-1394.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Madden K., Snyder M. Specification of sites for polarized growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the influence of external factors on site selection. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Sep;3(9):1025–1035. doi: 10.1091/mbc.3.9.1025. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Messing J. New M13 vectors for cloning. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:20–78. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Neufeld T. P., Rubin G. M. The Drosophila peanut gene is required for cytokinesis and encodes a protein similar to yeast putative bud neck filament proteins. Cell. 1994 May 6;77(3):371–379. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90152-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Oliver S. G., van der Aart Q. J., Agostoni-Carbone M. L., Aigle M., Alberghina L., Alexandraki D., Antoine G., Anwar R., Ballesta J. P., Benit P. The complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome III. Nature. 1992 May 7;357(6373):38–46. doi: 10.1038/357038a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Park H. O., Chant J., Herskowitz I. BUD2 encodes a GTPase-activating protein for Bud1/Rsr1 necessary for proper bud-site selection in yeast. Nature. 1993 Sep 16;365(6443):269–274. doi: 10.1038/365269a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Powers S., Gonzales E., Christensen T., Cubert J., Broek D. Functional cloning of BUD5, a CDC25-related gene from S. cerevisiae that can suppress a dominant-negative RAS2 mutant. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1225–1231. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90017-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Pringle J. R., Adams A. E., Drubin D. G., Haarer B. K. Immunofluorescence methods for yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:565–602. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94043-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Pringle J. R. Staining of bud scars and other cell wall chitin with calcofluor. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:732–735. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94055-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Reed S. I. The role of p34 kinases in the G1 to S-phase transition. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1992;8:529–561. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.002525. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rodriguez J. R., Paterson B. M. Yeast myosin heavy chain mutant: maintenance of the cell type specific budding pattern and the normal deposition of chitin and cell wall components requires an intact myosin heavy chain gene. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1990;17(4):301–308. doi: 10.1002/cm.970170405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Rose M. D., Novick P., Thomas J. H., Botstein D., Fink G. R. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromere-containing shuttle vector. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):237–243. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90232-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ruggieri R., Bender A., Matsui Y., Powers S., Takai Y., Pringle J. R., Matsumoto K. RSR1, a ras-like gene homologous to Krev-1 (smg21A/rap1A): role in the development of cell polarity and interactions with the Ras pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;12(2):758–766. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.2.758. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Rüther U., Müller-Hill B. Easy identification of cDNA clones. EMBO J. 1983;2(10):1791–1794. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01659.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Singer S. J., Kupfer A. The directed migration of eukaryotic cells. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1986;2:337–365. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.02.110186.002005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Slater M. L. Effect of reversible inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on the yeast cell cycle. J Bacteriol. 1973 Jan;113(1):263–270. doi: 10.1128/jb.113.1.263-270.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Snyder M., Gehrung S., Page B. D. Studies concerning the temporal and genetic control of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;114(3):515–532. doi: 10.1083/jcb.114.3.515. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Snyder M. The SPA2 protein of yeast localizes to sites of cell growth. J Cell Biol. 1989 Apr;108(4):1419–1429. doi: 10.1083/jcb.108.4.1419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Sprague G. F., Jr Assay of yeast mating reaction. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:77–93. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94008-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Strome S. Determination of cleavage planes. Cell. 1993 Jan 15;72(1):3–6. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90041-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Tatchell K., Nasmyth K. A., Hall B. D., Astell C., Smith M. In vitro mutation analysis of the mating-type locus in yeast. Cell. 1981 Nov;27(1 Pt 2):25–35. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90357-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Vallette F., Mege E., Reiss A., Adesnik M. Construction of mutant and chimeric genes using the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jan 25;17(2):723–733. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.2.723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Watts F. Z., Shiels G., Orr E. The yeast MYO1 gene encoding a myosin-like protein required for cell division. EMBO J. 1987 Nov;6(11):3499–3505. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02675.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Weinert T. A., Hartwell L. H. Cell cycle arrest of cdc mutants and specificity of the RAD9 checkpoint. Genetics. 1993 May;134(1):63–80. doi: 10.1093/genetics/134.1.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Wilkinson L. E., Pringle J. R. Transient G1 arrest of S. cerevisiae cells of mating type alpha by a factor produced by cells of mating type a. Exp Cell Res. 1974 Nov;89(1):175–187. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90200-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Zheng Y., Cerione R., Bender A. Control of the yeast bud-site assembly GTPase Cdc42. Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange by Cdc24 and stimulation of GTPase activity by Bem3. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 28;269(4):2369–2372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ziman M., Preuss D., Mulholland J., O'Brien J. M., Botstein D., Johnson D. I. Subcellular localization of Cdc42p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTP-binding protein involved in the control of cell polarity. Mol Biol Cell. 1993 Dec;4(12):1307–1316. doi: 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1307. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES