Table 2.
Wnt-Frizzled signaling pathway in the cardiovascular system.
| CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS | Wnt SIGNALING COMPONENTS | OUTCOME | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Angiogenesis | Wnt1 expression increased | HUVEC proliferation inhibited; HUVEC morphology altered | Cheng et al., 2003 |
| Wnt1 and β-catenin expression increased | EC and VSMC proliferation increased | Wright et al., 1999 | |
| FrzA expression increased | Vessel density increased | Barandon et al., 2003; Dufourcq et al., 2002 | |
| GSK-3β inhibited and β-catenin increased | New vessel formation increased | Holnthoner et al., 2002 | |
| Fzd 4 increased; CAMKII and PKC activated increased | Retinal angiogenesis increased | Robitaille et al., 2002 | |
| Dishevelled expression and β-catenin | Neovascularization increased | Blankesteijn et al., 2000 | |
| CYR 61 expression increased | VSMC adhesion and chemotaxis increased; angiogenesis increased | Brigstock et al., 2002 | |
| Arterial Injury | β-catenin accumulation increased | VSMC survival increased and apoptosis decreased | Wang et al., 2002 |
| FrzA expression increased | Proliferating vascular ECs decreased | Duplaa et al., 1999 | |
| Myocardial Infarction | FrzA expression increased | Infarct size, leukocyte infiltration, and apoptosis decreased; capillary density increased, and cardiac function improved | Barandon et al., 2003 |
| GSK-3β expression inhibited | Cardiomyocyte apoptosis decreased | Bergmann et al., 2004 | |
| Cardiac Hypertrophy | GSK-3β expression inhibited | Cardiomyocycte hypertrophy increased | Haq et al., 2000 |
| Cardiac Injury | SFRP 3/4 increased and β-catenin decreased | Pro-apoptotic Fas increased; anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL decreased; cardiomyocyte apoptosis increased | Schumann et al., 2000 |
| FrzA expression increased | Cardiac apoptosis decreased; cardiac function improved | Barandon et al., 2003 |
CAMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CYR 61, cysteine-rich 61; EC, endothelial cell; Fzd, Frizzled; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; PKC, protein kinase C; SFRP, secreted Frizzled related protein; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.