Table 1. In vivo actions of LXA4 and aspirin-triggered ATL.
| Disease model | Action(s) | Dosage (route) | Duration of postexposure | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dermal inflammation | Inhibit neutrophil recruitment into ear skin and prevent vascular permeability | 240 nmol (topical) | 8 h | Takano et al. (1997, 1998) |
| 20 μg cm−2 | Bannenberg et al. (2004) | |||
| Schottelius et al. (2002) | ||||
| Skin (dorsal air pouch) | Block TNF-α induced leukocyte recruitment | 10 μg (i.v.) | 4 h | Clish et al. (1999) |
| Block P gingivalis-elicited leukocyte infiltration and lower PGE2 levels within exudates | 10 μg (intrapouch) | 4 h | Pouliot et al. (2000) | |
| I/R injury | Attenuate hindlimb I/R-induced lung injury | 10 μg (i.v.) | 3 h | Chiang et al. (1999) |
| 500 μg kg−1 (i.v.) | Bannenberg et al. (2004) | |||
| Detachment of adherent leukocytes in mesenteric I/R | 10 nmol l−1 (superfusion) | 2 h | Scalia et al. (1997) | |
| Peritonitis | Inhibit neutrophil recruitment and regulate chemokine/cytokine production | 300 ng (i.p.) | 4–24 h | Bannenberg et al. (2005) |
| 50 ng–50 μg kg−1 (oral) | Bannenberg et al. (2004) | |||
| Inhibit vascular leakage | 60 μg kg−1 (i.p.) | 4 h | Chiang et al. (2003) | |
| Promote phagocytosis of neutrophil by macrophage | 1–2 μg (i.p.) | <1 h | Mitchell et al. (2002) | |
| Promote lymphatic removal of microbial particles (zymosan) | 300 ng (i.p.) | 24 h | Schwab et al. (2007) | |
| Colitis (IBD) | Attenuate pro-inflammatory gene expression and reduce severity of colitis | 10 μg ml−1 (oral) | 0–20 days | Gewirtz et al. (2002) |
| Inhibit weight loss, inflammation and immune dysfunction | 300–1000 μg kg−1 (oral, daily) | 7 days | Fiorucci et al. (2004) | |
| Mesangioproliferative nephritis | Reduce proteinuria, IL-1β, IL-6 and proliferation score of mesangial cells | i.v., every 8 h | 4 days | Wu et al. (2007) |
| Kidney | Antagonizes LTD4-induced falls in glomerular filtration rate | 1–2 μg kg−1 min−1 (infused into renal arteries) | 20 min | Katoh et al. (1992) |
| Protects from ischemic acute renal failure | 15 μg per mouse (perfusion) | 24 h | Leonard et al. (2002) | |
| Pleuritis | Shorten the duration of pleural exudation | 0.5–5 μg (local) | 24 h | Bandeira-Melo et al. (2000) |
| Asthma | Inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation | 10 μg per mouse per day (i.v.) | 5 days | Levy et al. (2002) |
| Modulates airway obstruction in humans | 100 μM (inhalation) | Christie et al. (1992) | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | Decrease neutrophilic inflammation, pulmonary bacterial burden and disease severity | 10 μg ml−1 (oral) plus 1 μg (i.v.) | 6 days | Karp et al. (2004) |
| Sepsis | Attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury | 0.7 mg kg−1 (i.v.) | Jin S-W et al. (2007) | |
| Angiogenesis | Reduce angiogenic phenotype: endothelial cell proliferation and migration | 10 μg per pouch (local) | 6 days | Fierro et al. (2002) |
| Periodontitis (oral inflammation and bone loss)* | Reduce microbe-initiated, neutrophil-mediated tissue damage and bone destruction | 6 μg twice per week (topical application around the second premolar) | 6 weeks | Serhan et al. (2003) |
| Eye | Accelerate cornea reepithelialization, limit sequelae of thermal injury (i.e., neovascularization, opacity) and promote host defense | 1 μg three times per day (topical application on eye) | 2–4 days | Gronert et al. (2005) |
| Suppress corneal angiogenesis, inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and VEGF/VEGFR-2 expression | 100 ng per 10 μl (subconjunctivally, once daily) | 3 days | Jin Y et al. (2007) | |
| BMT | Protect against BMT-induced GvHD | 50 μg kg−1 (host), 100 ng ml−1 (donor) | 9 days | Devchand et al. (2005) |
| Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia | Prolong paw withdraw latency, reducing hyperalgesic index; reduce pain | 24 nmol kg−1 (i.v.) | 0–8 h | Svensson et al. (2007) |
| Reduce paw edema | 0.3 nmol (intrathecal) |
Abbreviations: BMT, bone marrow transplant; GvHD, graft-vs-host diseases; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
*All animal models were designed and carried out in either mice or rats, except for periodontitis, which was carried out in rabbits.