. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):60–70. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4

Table 1.

Change in later school outcomes per SD increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) or developmental quotient (DQ) in early life^*

	N	Independent variable	Outcome variable	Measure of effect	Estimate	95% CI
Jamaica^†	165	IQ on the Stanford Binet test (42) at 7 years	Dropped out before grade 11	Odds ratio	0·53^‡	0·32–0·87
			Reading and arithmetic score at age 17	Mean difference in SD	0·65^§	0·53–0·78
Philippines	1134	Cognitive Score at 8 years	Ever repeat a grade by age 14 years	Odds ratio	0·60^¶	0·49–0·75
Brazil^‖	152	DQ on Griffiths test (43) at 4.5 years	Grades attained by age 18 years	Mean difference in grades achieved	0·71^**	0·34–1·07

Adjusted for sex, age, mother's education, and wealth quintile.

^†

Sample consisted of stunted (<−2 SD) children participating in an intervention trial and a non-stunted (>−1 SD) comparison group. Intervention and stunting status were also adjusted for.

^‡

p=0·0117; Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test p=0·5704.

^§

p<0·0001; R²=54·4%.

^¶

p<0·0001; Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test p=0·5375.

^‖

Boys only.

^**

p=0·0002; R²=51·9%.