Table 1.
Receptor and function interactions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites.
| PCBs |
PBDEs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptor abbreviation |
Major Gene or function affected |
Ligands | Response and references | Ligands | Response and references |
| Aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) | CYP 1A | co-planar, meta-, para- PCBs | >20–30 increase (Bandeira, Safe and Okey, 1992) | PBDEs 3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119,126, 152, 153154, 183, 6-OH-PBDE 47 | agonists, weak to moderate (Wang et al., 2006; Chen and Bruce, 2003; Peters et al., 2006a; Peters et al., 2006b; Germer et al., 2006;) |
| 47, PBDE mixture (D-71) | antagonist in fish, weak (Kuiper et al., 2004) | ||||
| PBDF impurities | no Ah activity by PBDEs, but from PBDFs impurity (Sanders et al., 2005) | ||||
| Constitutive androstane (CAR) | CYP 2B | ortho-, para- PCBs | >20–30 increase (Denomme et al., 1983) | PBDE mixtures DE-71, PBDE 79 | weak (Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005; Sanders et al. 2005; Germer et al., 2006) |
| Pregnane X (PXR) | CYP 3A | poly-ortho- PCBs, PCBs 47, 184 | 5–10 increase (Hurst and Waxman, 2005; Schuetz, Brimer and Schuetz, 1998) | PBDE mixture D-71 | (Germer et al., 2006) |
| Peroxisome proliferator (PPAR) | CYP 4A | co-planar, meta-, para-PCBs | repression (Ariyoshi et al., 1998; Robertson et al., 2007) | Ah active PBDEs and potentially PBDFs | suggested repression in analogy to PCBs (Ariyoshi et al., 1998) |
| Ryanodine (RyR) | Ca2+ channel | PCB 95, OH- PCBs, PCB- catechols | 2–50 increased (Pessah et al., 2006; Pessah and Wong, 2001; Wong, Brackney and Pessah, 1997) | Non co-planar PBDEs and OH- PBDEs | suggested agonist in analogy to the findings in PCBs (Pessah et al., 2006) |
| Estrogen (ER) | Estrogen | poly-ortho- PCBs, OH-PCBs | agonist and antagonist (Arcaro et al., 1999; Bonefeld-Jorgensen et al., 2001; Connor et al., 1997) | OH-PBDE Di-OH-PBDE PBDE 99 | (Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005; Stoker et al., 2004; Meerts et al., 2001; Ceccatelli et al., 2006) |
| Androgen (AR) | Androgen | poly-ortho-PCBs | antagonist (Fang et al., 2003; Portigal et al., 2002; Schrader and Cooke, 2003) | PBDE mixture DE-71, PBDEs 100 PBDEs 47, 99, 100 | Suppression and inhibition (Stoker et al., 2005) |
| 153, 154 | competitive anti-androgenic (Stoker et al., 2005) | ||||
| Progesterone (PR) | Progesterone | OH-PCB | antagonist (Conner et al., 1997) | PBDE 99 | suppression (Ceccatelli et al., 2006) |
| Dihydro-testosterone (DHT) | Dihydrotestosterone | PBDE 47, 100 | Inhibitor transcriptional activation (Stoker et al., 2005) | ||
| Thyroid function (TH) | Thyroid hormone | PCBs, OH-PCBs | indirect (Gauger et al., 2004) | OH-PBDEs PBDE 47 | Agonist (Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005; Eslami et al., 2006; Hallgren, Darnerud, 2002, Zhou et al., 2002) |
| PBDE mixtures DE-71, 79 | disruptor (Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005) | ||||
| Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) | Thyroxine | PBDEs 71, 73, 125 4’OH-PBDE 27 | reducing serum T4 level (Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005; Stoker et al., 2004; Hooper and McDonald, 2000; Zhou et al., 2002; Eslami et al., 2006) | ||
| Glucocorticoid (GR) | Glucocorticoid | MeSO2-PCBs | Competitive antagonist (Johansen, Nielsson and Lund, 1998) | MeSO2-PBDE | suggested repression by competitive antagonism in analogy to MeSO2-PCBs (Johansson et al., 1998) |
| γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Neurotransmitter | non co-planar PCBs | (Mariussen and Fonnum, 2001; Wong, Brackney and Pessah, 1997; Wong et al., 1997). | non-meta- and para- but ortho- substituted PBDEs | Suggested agonist in analogy to findings (Wong et al., 1997). |
| Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) | Insulin-like growth factor | Xenobiotics in general | Scarth, 2006 | PBDE 99 | agonist, weak (Ceccatelli et al., 2006) |