Table 1.

Older adults with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome have a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline in most studies

These risk factors at mid-life are also associated with increase risk of dementia

Mid-life hypertension is associated with increased risk of dementia in late-life. The association between late-life hypertension and dementia is less consistent.

Anti-hypertensives have not consistently reduced the risk of dementia/cognitive impairment among people with hypertension.

Statins have not consistently reduced the risk of dementia among people with dyslipidemia.

Initial trials with diabetes medications show improved cognitive performance in some domains

Trials examining the effect of interventions for diabetes and obesity (in progress)

Trials identifying mechanistic link between vascular risk factors and dementia and determining whether modification is possible through behavior or treatment

Greater education or and participation in cognitively engaging activities at younger or older ages is associated with a lower risk of dementia.

Several trials demonstrate better cognitive function and less decline with cognitive interventions

The effects of training appear to be domain specific

Further trials examining cognitive interventions (in progress)

Controlled trial investigating whether a multi-faceted intervention involving cognitive, physical, and social components leads to improved cognitive function

People who engage in high levels of physical activity in mid- or late-life have a lower risk of dementia

Improved cognitive performance in people with and without cognitive impairment after exercise interventions

Further trials examining physical activity interventions (in progress)

Most studies suggest that people with limited social networks and low social engagement have higher risk dementia

No interventions specifically addressing social engagement

Trials examining social interventions (in progress)

Higher intake of anti-oxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids is generally associated with a lower risk of dementia

Interventions with anti-oxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids have benefited cognitive performance and the risk of dementia

Additional controlled trials investigating whether nutritional education and diet modification are beneficial to cognitive function

People with depression or high depressive symptoms have a higher risk of developing dementia

Initial evidence suggests treatment improves cognition in people with depression.

Randomized controlled trial investigating whether treatment of depression benefits cognitive function and reduces the risk of dementia