Table 4.

First episode MRI studies listed by brain region of interest, author (year), and positive or negative findings (Abbreviations: asym = Asymmetry; Chr SZ = Chronic Schizophrenic; LAT = Lateral Ventricle; PHG = Parahippocampal Gyrus; Neurol.= Neuroleptic; Tx = Treatment)

Brain Region	References
Whole Brain	+James et al., 1999 ^a	−Bilder et al., 1994 (asym)
		−DeLisi et al., 1991, 1992
		−Hirayasu et al., 1998, 2000
		−Keshavan et al., 1998a,b
		−Lawrie et al., 1999
		−Nopoulos et al., 1995
		−Velakoulis et al., 1999
		−Whitworth et al., 1998 (↓ Chr SZ)
Gray Matter	+Gur et al., 1999
	+Lim et al., 1996
	+Ohnuma et al., 1997 (Cortical Gray Matter)
	+Zipursky et al., 1998a (Gray Matter, includes Basal Ganglia)
	+Zipursky et al., 1998b (Cortical Gray Matter)
Ventricles	+Barr et al., 1997	−DeLisi et al., 1992
	+Bogerts et al., 1990 ^b	−Lawrie et al., 1999 (LAT and 4th)
	+Degreef et al., 1990, 1992a	−Niemann et al., 2000
	+DeLisi et al., 1991, 1998	−Ohnuma et al., 1997
	+Hoff et al., 1992
	+James et al., 1999
	+Keshavan et al., 1998b
	+Lawrie et al., 1999 (3rd ventricle)
	+Lieberman et al., 1993 ^c
	+Lim et al., 1996
	+Nopoulos et al., 1995
	+Snyder et al., 1998
	+Whitworth et al., 1998
	+Zipursky et al., 1998a
Temporal Lobe (Whole)	+Bilder et al., 1999 (asym)	−Bilder et al., 1994 (asym)
	+Bogerts et al., 1990	−Hoff et al., 1992
	+DeLisi et al., 1991	−Lawrie et al., 1999
	+Gur et al., 1998b	−Niemann et al., 2000
	+Gur et al., 2000a (Temporal Pole)	−Nopoulos et al., 1995
		−Ohnuma et al., 1997
Medial Temporal Lobe Structures	+Bogerts et al., 1990	−DeLisi et al., 1991
(Amygdala-hippocampal Complex measured together)	+Hirayasu et al., 1998
	+Lawrie et al., 1999
	+Lieberman et al., 1993 ^c
	+Whitworth et al., 1998
Superior Temporal Gyrus	+Gur et al., 2000a (males only)
	+Hirayasu et al., 1998
	+Keshavan et al., 1998b
Planum Temporale	+DeLisi et al., 1994	−Kleinschmidt et al., 1994
	+Hirayasu et al., 2000
	+Hoff et al., 1992 (abnormal asymmetry, lateral sulcus in females)
	+Kwon et al., 1999
Hippocampus	+Bilder et al., 1995	−DeLisi et al., 1991
	+Bogerts et al., 1990 (males only)	−Niemann et al., 2000
	+Copolov et al., 2000
	+Gur et al., 2000a
	+Hirayasu et al., 1998
	+Ohnuma et al., 1997
	+Velakoulis et al., 1999
	+Whitworth et al., 1998
Amygdala	+Gur et al., 2000a (↑ females, ↓ males)	−Bilder et al., 1995
		−DeLisi et al., 1991
		−Niemann et al., 2000
		−Ohnuma et al., 1997
Parahippocampus	+Bogerts et al., 1990
	+Ohnuma et al., 1997	−Razi et al., 1999 (PHG ↓ Chr SZ)
Frontal Lobe (Whole)	+Bilder et al., 1994, 1999 (asym)	−DeLisi et al., 1991
	+Gur et al., 1998b, 2000b ^d	−Hirayasu et al., 1999
	+Ohnuma et al., 1997	−Lawrie et al., 1999
	+Nopoulos et al., 1995
	+Szeszko et al., 1999
Premotor	+Bilder et al., 1994 (asym)	−Bilder et al., 1999 (asym)
Prefrontal	+Bilder et al., 1994, 1999 (asym)
Cingulate	+Ohnuma et al., 1997	−Hirayasu et al., 1999
Sensorimotor		−Bilder et al., 1999 (asym)
Parietal Lobe		−Nopoulos et al., 1995
Occipital Lobe		−Nopoulos et al., 1995
Occipitoparietal	+Bilder et al., 1994, 1999 (asym)
Corpus Callosum	+DeLisi et al., 1997	−Ohnuma et al., 1997
	+DeQuardo et al., 1999
	+Hoff et al., 1994 (females only)
Cavum Septi Pellucidi	+Degreef et al., 1992b, c
	+DeLisi et al., 1993
	+Kwon et al., 1998
Basal Ganglia	+Chakos et al., 1994	−DeLisi et al., 1991
	+Corson et al., 1999a	−Gur et al., 1998a (neurol. naive)
	+Gur et al., 1998a (previously Tx)	−Lawrie et al., 1999
	+Keshavan et al., 1995, 1998a
	+Ohnuma et al., 1997
	+Shihabuddin et al., 1998 ^e
Thalamus	+Gur et al., 1998a	−Lawrie et al., 1999
Adhesio Interthalamica	+Snyder et al., 1998
Cerebellum	+DeLisi et al., 1997	−Keshavan et al., 1998b

Study of childhood schizophrenia.

Only temporal horn portion of lateral ventricle increased.

Qualitative measures used.

These investigators reported reduced gray matter in prefrontal regions, including dorsolateral areas in males and females, dorsomedial areas in male patients, and orbital regions in female patients.

These investigators reported smaller caudate nuclei in never medicated patients and larger caudate nuclei in previously medicated patients.