Table 5.

MRI Studies of progressive volume change in schizophrenia (SZ)

Study	Sample	N	ROIs	Follow-up interval	Findings
Chakos et al. (1994)	First episode SZ Schizophreniform Controls	21 8 10	caudate	18 months	Increased caudate volume with typical neuroleptics. Volume correlated with dose; inversely correlated with age of onset.
Chakos et al. (1995)	SZ	15	caudate	1 year	Reduced caudate volume with atypical neuroleptics.
Corson et al. (1999b)	Chronic SZ	19	caudate, lenticular nucleus	2 years	Typical neuroleptics increase size of caudate/lenticular nucleus, atypical neuroleptics decrease size.
	SPD	1
	Psychosis NOS	3
	Controls	0
Degreef et al. (1991)	First episode SZ Controls	13 8	cortical volume, ventricular volume	1–2 years	No difference in rate of change for either.^a
DeLisi et al. (1992)	First episode SZ Controls	50 33	temporal lobes, ventricular volume	2 years	No difference in temporal lobe or ventricular volume. Change in ventricular volume was inversely correlated with amount of time in hospital for SZ.
	(Note, some subjects overlap with 1991 report, and some SZ subjects were characterized as schizophreniform or schizoaffective)
DeLisi et al. (1995)	First episode SZ Controls	20 5	cerebral hemispheres, medial temporal lobe, temporal lobe, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum	4 years	Rate of change greater in SZ for left ventricle.^a
DeLisi et al. (1997)	First episode SZ Controls	50 20	cerebral hemispheres, temporal lobe, medial temporal lobe, lateral ventricles, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, Sylvian fissure	≥ 4 years	Rate of change greater in SZ for left and right hemispheres, right cerebellum, corpus callosum segment, and ventricles.^a
DeLisi et al. (1998)	First episode SZ	50	cerebral hemispheres ventricles,	5 years	Larger ventricles at baseline correlated with poorer premorbid functioning. Larger ventricles at baseline also showed less of an increase in size at follow up compared with smaller ventricles at baseline.
Gur et al. (1998b)	SZ patients (20 first episode, 20 chronic) Controls	40 17	whole brain CSF, frontal lobes, temporal lobes	2–3 years	Rate of change of frontal lobe volume increased in SZ.^a Both subject groups showed a reduction in temporal lobe volume.
Jacobson et al. (1998)	Childhood onset SZ Controls	10 17	cerebral volume, superior, anterior temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus	2 years	Rate of change of total cerebral volume and temporal lobe structures increased in SZ.^a
Keshavan et al. (1998b)	First episode psychosis Controls	17 17	cerebral volume, superior temporal gyrus, cerebellum	1 year	Volume of superior temporal gyrus was inversely correlated with prodrome and psychosis duration. Rate of change of superior temporal gyrus was greater in patients.^a Superior temporal gyrus volume enlarged with treatment in some patients (i.e. reversal of volume reduction after 1 year).
Lieberman et al. (1996)	First episode SZ or schizoaffective Controls	62 42	qualitative measure of lateral ventricles, third ventricle, frontal/parietal cortex, medial temporal	18 months	Patients with poor response to treatment showed more ventricle enlargement and reduced cortical volumes compared with patients with better response to treatment.
Nair et al. (1997)	Patients with symptoms of schizophrenia Controls	18 5	total ventricular volume	2–3 years	Rate of change greater in SZ- like patients.^a
Rapoport et al. (1997)	Childhood onset SZ Controls	16 24	ventricular volume, thalamic area, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus	2 years	Rate of change of ventricular volume and thalamic area increased in SZ.^a
Rapoport et al. (1999)	Childhood onset SZ Controls	15 34	gray and white matter volume (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes	4 years	Rate of change of gray, but not white matter in frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes increased in SZ.^a

Rate of change increased in patient group means that the structure in question changed volume at a faster rate (larger volume for given period of time) than in the control group.