Table 3.
Analysis of Body Size and Growth in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Autoimmune Children at Increased Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
| Progressed to Type 1 Diabetes (N = 21) |
Did Not Progress to Type 1 Diabetes (N = 122) |
Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | % Yes (N) | % Yes (N) | |
| High-risk HLA DR,DQ genotype | 52.4 (11) | 27.1 (33) | 2.14 (0.91 – 5.06) |
| Family history of type 1 diabetes | 71.4 (15) | 52.5 (64) | 2.02 (0.78 – 5.23) |
| Female | 47.6 (10) | 48.4 (59) | 1.51 (0.62 – 3.64)a |
| Non-Hispanic White Ethnicity | 85.7 (18) | 82.0 (100) | 0.54 (0.15 – 1.90) a |
| Maternal education >12 years (N = 138) | 71.4 (15) | 81.2 (95) | 0.81 (0.30 – 2.18) a |
| Annual Income ≥ $30,000 (N = 133) | 75.0 (15) | 77.9 (88) | 0.60 (0.19 – 1.93) a |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| IA development age (yrs) | 2.32 (1.78) | 5.29 (2.97) | 0.84 (0.64 – 1.09) a |
| Age at type 1 diabetes development or most recent visit (yrs) |
6.86 (2.12) | 8.80 (2.58) | N/A |
| Height (cm) b | N/Ac | N/A c | 0.98 (0.22–4.36) d |
| Weight (kg) b | N/A c | N/A c | 0.88 (0.33–2.32) d |
| BMI (kg/m2) b | N/A c | N/A c | 1.12 (0.70–1.81) d |
| Height growth velocity (change in cm / year) |
7.16 (0.49) | 6.62 (0.64) | 3.34 (1.73–6.42) d |
| Weight growth velocity (change in kg / year) |
2.74 (1.34) | 3.17 (1.22) | 1.01 (0.58–1.77) d |
| BMI growth velocity (change in kg / m2 · year) |
N/A c | N/A c | 1.28 (0.79–2.08) d |
Hazard ratios adjusted for age at first autoantibody positive visit, HLA DR,DQ genotype and family history of type 1 diabetes
Best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) estimates of height, weight, or BMI.
Not applicable due to the time-varying nature of the data. See Table 1 for details regarding these variables.
Hazard ratios for a 1 standard deviation (SD) difference, adjusted for age at first autoantibody positive visit, ethnicity, HLA DR,DQ genotype and family history of type 1 diabetes. The standard deviations for height, weight, BMI, height growth velocity, weight growth velocity and BMI growth velocity were 18.19, 9.26, 2.05, 0.68, 1.14, and 0.58, respectively.