Table 1. Factors implicated in the expansion of MDSCs in cancer.
| Factor | Tumour model (mice) | Type of cancer (humans) |
|---|---|---|
| VEGF 43 108, 109 100 110-112 | Breast cancer Sarcoma Melanoma Lymphoma Lung carcinoma |
Breast cancer Renal cell cancer Pancreatic cancer |
| GM-CSF 113, 114 41, 113, 115, 116 117 118 | Lewis lung carcinoma Colon carcinoma Mammary adenocarcinoma TS/A tumour |
Melanoma |
| G-CSF119 | Lewis lung carcinoma Metha Sarcoma Melanoma |
ND |
| M-CSF 96, 120 | Sarcoma Mammary carcinoma |
Human renal cell carcinoma cell lines |
| Gangliosides 121 122 | Neuroblastoma Glioma |
ND |
| Prostaglandins 40 61 102 | Mammary carcinoma Lung cancer Renal cancer Colon cancer |
ND |
| IFNγ 20, 123-125 | Mammary adenocarcinoma Fibrosarcoma Colon carcinoma Lymphoma |
ND |
| C5a126 | Cervical Cancer /Lung tumor | ND |
| SCF 39 | Colon carcinoma | |
| S100A8 and S100A949, 50 | Colon carcinoma Lymphoma Fibrosarcoma Mammary carcinoma |
ND |
| TGF-β 57, 127-129 | Colon carcinoma Fibrosarcoma Mammary adenocarcinoma |
Head and neck cancer |
| IL-1-β 130, 131 | Fibrosarcoma, Mammary carcinoma | ND |
| IL-6 42 | Mammary carcinoma | ND |
| IL-10. 19. 40. | Colon Cancer Melanoma Mammary carcinoma |
ND |
| IL-12 9 | Colon Cancer | ND |
| IL-13 20, 57 | Colon carcinoma Fibrosarcoma Mammary adenocarcinoma Lymphoma |
ND |
| MMP-9 101, 132 | Colon carcinoma, Lewis Lung carcinoma Mammary carcinoma |
ND |
| CCL2 17, 119, 125, 133 | Lewis lung carcinoma MethA sarcoma Melanoma Lymphoma |
ND |
| CXCL5/12 127 | Mammary adenocarcinoma | ND |
C5a, complement component 5a; CCL2, CC-chemokine ligand 2; CXCL5, CXC-chemokine ligand 5; G-CSF, granulocyte-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL-1β interleukin-1β; IFNγ, interferon-γ; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase 9; ND, not determined; SCF, stem cell factor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.