Table 1.
Characteristics of CARDIA participants at baseline, by subsequent heart failure status
|
White participants1 |
Black participants |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No heart failure N=2477 | No heart failure N=2611 | Heart failure N=26 | p-value2 | p-value3 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 25 ± 3 | 24 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 | 0.12 | 0.06 | |
| Sex (% male) | 47% | 44% | 38% | 0.56 | 0.69 | |
| Education- | Less than high school | 6% | 13% | 23% | 0.03 | 0.31 |
| High school graduate | 21% | 38% | 38.5% | |||
| More than high school | 73% | 49% | 38.5% | |||
| CLINICAL characteristics4 | ||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.4 ± 9.2 | 68.7 ± 9.6 | 78.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109.3 ± 109 | 111.4 ± 10.9 | 120.6 ± 10.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Clinical hypertension | 2% | 3% | 19% | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 4.0 | 25.2 ± 5.6 | 32.0 ± 9.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Obesity | 6% | 16% | 34% | 0.002 | 0.03 | |
| Diabetes | 1% | 2% | 12% | 0.008 | 0.01 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.8 ± 13.0 | 54.6 ± 13.3 | 45.6 ± 11.2 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.5 ± 30.0 | 109.5 ± 32.2 | 113.5 ± 46.7 | 0.62 | 0.65 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6% | 1% | 8% | 0.19 | 0.01 | |
| Family history coronary disease | 14% | 10% | 15% | 0.54 | 0.31 | |
| Current tobacco use | 27% | 34% | 38% | 0.40 | 0.67 | |
| Excessive alcohol use | 16% | 9% | 8% | 0.76 | 1.0 | |
| Illicit drug use | 52% | 29% | 35% | 0.69 | 0.52 | |
| Prior pregnancy5 | 40% | 63% | 69% | 0.21 | 0.80 | |
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC characteristics6 | ||||||
| Ejection fraction | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.63 ± 0.15 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.07 | |
| Systolic dysfunction7 | Borderline | 9% | 10% | 19% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal | 0.2% | 0.3% | 8% | |||
| Left ventricular mass index (gm/m2.7) | 33.5 ± 8.5 | 36.5 ± 9.6 | 47.4 ± 19.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| % with left ventricular hypertrophy | 4% | 7% | 26% | 0.003 | 0.01 | |
The one white female with heart failure was excluded from this analysis
p value for Fisher exact test of proportions (for categorical variables) or Students t-test of means (for continuous variables), comparing blacks with heart failure to the entire cohort without heart failure.
p value for Fisher exact test of proportions (for categorical variables) or Students t-test of means (for continuous variables), comparing blacks with heart failure to blacks without heart failure.
All measured at baseline, with the exception of illicit drug use, which was measured at Year 2
Proportions and comparisons are restricted to women.
From study echocardiogram at Year 5 among 4230 participants
Borderline” defined by ejection fraction 40–60% or qualitative assessment as borderline systolic function; “abnormal” defined by ejection fraction <40% or qualitative assessment of abnormal systolic function.