Table 4.
Associations (odds-ratios) of childhood adversities with childhood ADHD in the total sample (n=3197) and with current ADHD among childhood cases (n=346)
| Childhood ADHD in the total sample |
Current adult ADHD among childhood cases |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution1 | Prevalence2 | Distribution4 | Prevalence5 | |||||||||
| % | (se) | % | (se) | OR3 | (95% CI) | % | (se) | % | (se) | OR6 | (95% CI) | |
| I. Child maltreatment | ||||||||||||
| Physical abuse | 19.6 | (2.2) | 23.8 | (2.7) | 4.3* | (3.1–5.9) | 28.3 | (5.1) | 52.3 | (9.2) | 2.1 | (0.9–4.9) |
| Sexual abuse | 6.1 | (1.4) | 15.2 | (3.3) | 2.5* | (1.4–4.3) | 5.8 | (2.8) | 34.2 | (12.8) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.5) |
| Neglect | 13.7 | (2.3) | 26.5 | (3.7) | 4.8* | (3.1–7.6) | 14.7 | (4.4) | 39.0 | (10.6) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.1) |
| II. Maternal psychopathology | ||||||||||||
| Major depression | 5.3 | (1.3) | 33.5 | (7.3) | 8.7* | (4.2–18.1) | 5.8 | (2.4) | 39.6 | (14.0) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.5) |
| Panic disorder | 18.6 | (2.7) | 22.0 | (2.9) | 3.7* | (2.5–5.5) | 19.0 | (4.8) | 37.2 | (9.4) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 19.8 | (2.7) | 22.8 | (2.7) | 4.1* | (2.7–6.1) | 20.2 | (5.0) | 37.2 | (10.1) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) |
| Alcohol-drug dependence | 2.4 | (0.9) | 14.1 | (5.4) | 1.9 | (0.7–5.3) | 3.0 | (1.9) | 45.8 | (20.1) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) |
| Adult antisocial behavior | 4.8 | (1.2) | 22.2 | (5.3) | 3.8* | (1.9–7.7) | 6.3 | (2.4) | 47.2 | (15.7) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) |
| Suicide attempt | 9.8 | (2.2) | 25.2 | (5.4) | 4.6* | (2.5–8.7) | 9.6 | (4.1) | 35.8 | (13.6) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) |
| III. Paternal psychopathology | ||||||||||||
| Major depression | 12.1 | (2.1) | 11.0 | (2.0) | 5.6* | (1.3–24.1) | 13.7 | (3.6) | 41.2 | (9.9) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) |
| Panic disorder | 14.8 | (2.5) | 11.6 | (2.0) | 3.0* | (1.5–5.8) | 18.7 | (4.4) | 46.0 | (9.5) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 19.3 | (2.7) | 4.0 | (1.9) | 4.4* | (2.7–7.1) | 23.9 | (5.6) | 45.1 | (10.5) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) |
| Alcohol-drug dependence | 18.3 | (2.9) | 13.7 | (2.0) | 4.9* | (3.1–7.6) | 20.2 | (4.7) | 40.0 | (8.2) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) |
| Adult antisocial behavior | 23.2 | (3.2) | 14.8 | (1.7) | 4.4* | (2.9–6.8) | 22.9 | (5.3) | 35.8 | (8.0) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.2) |
| Suicide attempt | 13.8 | (2.3) | 11.6 | (2.1) | 3.6* | (1.5–8.6) | 16.0 | (3.9) | 42.3 | (9.3) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) |
| IV. Financial adversity | ||||||||||||
| Public assistance | 15.8 | (2.1) | 10.5 | (1.4) | 1.6* | (1.1–2.4) | 16.1 | (4.1) | 37.2 | (9.4) | 1.2 | (0.5–3.1) |
| V. Family instability | ||||||||||||
| Death of a parent | 1.0 | (0.6) | 5.6 | (2.6) | 0.7 | (0.3–2.1) | 0.6 | (0.6) | 19.5 | (16.9) | 0.3 | (0.0–325.6) |
| Parental divorce | 32.6 | (3.3) | 10.1 | (1.1) | 1.5* | (1.1–2.1) | 31.5 | (6.1) | 35.1 | (6.3) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.9) |
| Other absence of male head | 10.7 | (2.3) | 9.2 | (1.8) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.4) | 9.8 | (3.2) | 33.3 | (8.6) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.9) |
| Other absence of female head | 0.6 | (0.4) | 15.2 | (9.5) | 2.3 | (0.5–9.8) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 0.0* | (0.0–0.0) |
| Foster care placement | 3.1 | (0.9) | 19.8 | (5.1) | 2.9 | (1.4–6.0) | 4.6 | (2.1) | 54.9 | (21.4) | 3.2 | (0.4–25.0) |
| Other living away from home | 4.4 | (1.3) | 14.5 | (3.8) | 2.2* | (1.1–4.3) | 2.8 | (1.6) | 23.6 | (12.6) | 0.9 | (0.2–4.2) |
| Large number of different caregivers | 26.2 | (2.8) | 11.7 | (1.1) | 1.8* | (1.4–2.5) | 25.8 | (5.2) | 35.8 | (7.5) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.2) |
| (n) | (3197) | (346) | ||||||||||
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; se, standard error; OR, odds-ratio; CI, confidence interval
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test.
Distribution of childhood adversities among respondents with a history of childhood ADHD
Prevalence of childhood ADHD among respondents in sub-samples defined by the childhood adversities
Controlling for age, sex, and race-ethnicity
Distribution of childhood adversities among respondents with current adult ADHD
Prevalence of current adult ADHD among respondents with a history of childhood ADHD in sub-samples defined by the childhood adversities
Controlling for age, sex, race-ethnicity, and childhood ADHD symptom profiles and severity