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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009 Jan 21;33(5):699–771. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.004

Table 17.

Functional Analyses of the Orbito-Frontal Cortex in BD.

Study Sample Age Method Age of
Onset		 Duration
of Illness/#
Episodes		 Family
History of
Illness		 Clinical Status at
Testing		 Medication
Status		 Comorbidity Findings Brodmann
Map/Stereotaxic
Coordinates
(Cohen et al 1992) 7 SAD (5 BD II, 2 MDD)
38 HC		 44.9±11.1
36.2±11		 18 F-FDG NR NR No MDD in relatives. Depressed No medication for 3+ weeks No serious medical or psychiatric history Increased acitivity of medial OFC in MDD NR
(Blumberg et al 1999) 5 manic
6 euthymic
5 HC		 34.2±12.2
32.5±11.0
30.0±6.7		 15O-H2O NR NR NR 5 manic, 6 euthymic AD, AP, MS, Benz No axis I and II disorders or neurological/medical illness. Decreased rCBF to OFC at rest in manic sample BA 11
−2, 46, −28
(Kruger et al 2003) 11 depressed BD
9 remitted BD		 43±9
38±12		 15O-H2O Voxel-wise 22±6 8±3 (dep episodes)
3±2 (manic episodes)
8±5 (dep episodes)
3±2 (manic episodes)		 NR Depressed/Remitted MS No axis I or II disorders. No substance abusers rCBF decreases to R orbitofrontal region after sadness induction in both BD groups BA 10/11
6; 42; −10
14; 46; −20
8; 56; −6
(Rich et al 2006) 22 BD
21 HC		 14.2±3.1
14.5±2.5		 Voxelwise ROI used for amygdala, VPFC and ventral striatum.
Facial processing task		 NR NR NR Half euthymic, half depressed or hypomanic 80% medicated No pervasive developmental disorder, IQ<70, unstable medical illness, substance abuse for 2+ months In L orbital cortex BD patients showed greater activation when rating the hostility of neutral face stimuli −32; 20; −16