Table 3.
Pre- and post-training performance on outcome measures for the treatment and control groups.
| Treatment | Control | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | |
| Primary Outcomes | ||||
| **Selective Attention (cross-modal distractors) | ||||
| set size 2 interference | ||||
| accuracy (%) | 1.1 (5.0) | −0.1 (3.0) | 2.1 (6.6) | 0.6 (2.7) |
| RT (ms) | 98.1 (67.0) | 66.0 (61.0) | 86.5 (61.3) | 89.2 (73.4) |
| set size 8 interference | ||||
| accuracy (%) | 13.0 (13.1) | 10.2 (17.5) | 17.5 (16.0) | 7.2 (14.4) |
| RT (ms) | 157.7 (119.0) | 120.3 (113.2) | 121.0 (122.7) | 153.2 (122.1) |
| Selective Attention (within-modality distractors) | ||||
| set size 2 cost | ||||
| accuracy (%) | 3.7 (8.0) | −0.6 (9.3) | 1.7 (5.3) | 0.9 (5.2) |
| RT (ms) | 49.0 (66.7) | 64.9 (66.0) | 42.6 (72.1) | 52.2 (62.8) |
| set size 6 cost | ||||
| accuracy (%) | −2.0 (8.9) | 0.4 (9.7) | −0.5 (10.6) | 0.7 (8.1) |
| RT (ms) | −2.6 (74.1) | −30.5 (75.9) | 15.2 (93.0) | −30.5 (75.9) |
| Secondary Outcomes | ||||
| Multisensory Integration (area under curve) | ||||
| divded attention | 9.7 (6.9) | 8.0 (6.8) | 9.8 (6.9) | 8.2 (6.3) |
| **selective auditory attention | 7.7 (6.2) | 4.1 (4.4) | 6.3 (5.8) | 6.1 (6.5) |
| **selective visual attention | 9.6 (8.6) | 5.5 (4.5) | 6.5 (5.4) | 4.9 (4.9) |
| Indirect Outcomes | ||||
| *1-Back (d′) | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.7) |
| 2-Back (d′) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.7) |
| **SMDT (standard deviation score) | 0.0 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) |
| Walk & Talk | ||||
| **# of animals named | 9.3 (2.3) | 10.5 (2.9) | 9.5 (2.6) | 9.4 (2.1) |
| interference (%) | 49.6 (47.9) | 55.9 (44.1) | 40.1 (30.6) | 39.3 (29.0) |
| Stroop Color-Word (% interference) | 96.7 (25.7) | 89.4 (32.0) | 89.2 (31.6) | 82.8 (31.0) |
| †Trail-Making (% interference) | 112.4 (56.1) | 141.5 (74.4) | 122.5 (54.8) | 116.3 (37.6) |
| HVLT | ||||
| immediate recall (# of words) | 8.1 (1.4) | 8.9 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.7) | 9.4 (1.4) |
| delayed recall (# of words) | 8.2 (2.7) | 9.0 (1.7) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.6 (1.7) |
| POMS (composite score) | −0.3 (16.2) | 2.8 (16.3) | 4.4 (18.0) | 3.3 (14.4) |
| HSQ-12 | ||||
| physical health score | 49.2 (8.8) | 48.7 (9.8) | 51.0 (7.1) | 50.4 (8.3) |
| mental health score | 55.3 (8.3) | 56.8 (4.4) | 54.5 (8.1) | 55.5 (4.5) |
Summary of mean scores on primary, secondary, and indirect outcome measures, with standard deviation in parentheses. Double asterisks (**) indicate tests on which the treatment group had significantly greater improvements than controls (p<0.05), single asterisk (*) indicates the test on which there was a trend for larger improvements in the treatment group (p<0.10), and the cross (†) indicates the test on which control group had significantly greater improvements than the treatment group (p<0.05).