Table 5.
Biomarkers in maternal peripheral blood for the prediction (1st, 2nd and 3rd Trimester) and detection (Manifest PE) of PE
| Biomarker | Norm-Preg Trimester |
PE Trimester |
Manifest PE |
Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
| sFlt-1 (pg/ml) | 1445 | 1576 | 4400 | 1764 ±757 |
4945.1 ±3329.4 |
>12981 | ↑ | [197–199] |
| sEng (pg/ml) | 5010 ±1010 |
4905.9 ±1332.1 |
9800 | 5570 ±1180 |
11509.2 ±6108.2 |
46400 | ↑ | [76,197,198] |
| PlGF (pg/ml) | 62.8 | 135 | 232 | ↓ | 99.6 ±52.2 |
↓ | ↓ | [197–199] |
| sVEGFR-2 (pg/ml) | -- | 7645.8 ±1938.0 |
-- | -- | 6541.6 ±3285.8 |
-- | ↓ | [200] |
| TGF-β1 (pg/ml) | -- | 4718.6 ±2371.9 |
-- | -- | 2901.1 ±1308.4 |
-- | ↓ | [197] |
| P-Selectin | 1±0.86 (MoM) |
82.5±1.2 ng/ml |
-- | 2.49±1.94 (MoM) |
91.2±2.0 ng/ml |
-- | ↑ | [201,202] |
| L-Selectin (ng/ml) | -- | 1761 ±31.3 |
-- | -- | 1194 ±43.2 |
-- | ↓ | [201,202] |
| s-Met (ng/ml) | 259.1 ±13.3 |
356.2 ±18.3 |
293.7 ±20.6 |
182.5 ±6.8 |
189.9 ±9.7 |
235.1 ±11.7 |
↓ | [203] |
| ADAM12 (MoM) | 1.00 | -- | -- | 0.50 – 0.71 | -- | -- | ↓ | [204] |
| PAPP-A (MoM) | 1.002 | -- | -- | 0.555 to 0.911 |
-- | -- | ↓ | [205] |
|
Visfatin (adipokin ng/ml)) Leptin (ng/ml) |
-- -- |
↑ ↓ |
695.9 ±92.5 26.8 ± 6.47 |
-- -- |
↓↓ ↑↑ |
308.3 ±80.0 62.1 ± 23.8 |
↓ ↑ |
[206,207] |
|
Adrenomedullin (pg/ml) |
53.4 ±17.3 |
139.8 ±20.9 |
232.6 ±17.2 |
-- | 302.1 ±46.0 |
302.1 ±46.0 |
↑ | [208] |
| PP-13 (pg/ml) | ≈136.6 | -- | -- | ≈50.00 | -- | -- | ↓ | [209] |
| Inhibin-A (µg/ml) | 180 ±105 |
-- | -- | 220 ±113 | -- | -- | ↑ | [198] |
| Activin-A (ng/ml) | 2.16 | -- | -- | 2.522 | -- | -- | ↑ | [210] |
| Kisspeptin (pg/ml) | -- | 1188 ±365 |
-- | -- | 1109 ±449 |
-- | ↓ | [211] |
|
Cell-free mRNA FLT1 (copies/ml) |
-- | 1.90 (0.32) |
-- | -- | 2.39 (0.32) |
-- | ↑ | [196] |
sVEGFR-2, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2; PP-13, placental protein 13; ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 12; PTX3, pentraxin 3; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1 MoM: Multiple of Mean; s-Met: soluble c-Met ; FLT1, VEGFA receptor 1