. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 10.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Jun;11(6):402–416. doi: 10.1038/nrn2841

Table 1.

Experimental cognitive task descriptions and pattern of findings in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Name	Function(s)	Task	Findings	Refs
Cueing	Visual–spatial selective attention	Detect a target stimulus on screen following spatial cues that facilitate detection (valid cues) or hinder detection (invalid cues)	Impaired response to invalid cues	175,176
Attention networks test	Selective, alerting and executive attention	Identify the direction of an arrow or similar stimulus with the presence or absence of spatial cues and distracting flankers	Executive system impairments mainly reported	30,177
Object/space selection	Visual–spatial selective attention	Detect a target stimulus on screen while valid or invalid cues direct attention to locations in or outside bounded objects	Greater impairment of spatial attention compared with object attention	178
Inhibition of return	Visual–spatial attention control	Detect a target stimulus on screen in a cued or non-cued location after a short or long delay	Delayed relative to TD controls	179,180
Enumeration	Quantification, attention	Enumerate small to large sets of visually presented objects on screen while being timed	Impaired only in counting range	181,182
Magnitude comparison	Quantitative judgment	Identify when stimuli of varying magnitudes are different from each other	Impairment greater with smaller differences	183,184
Prepulse inhibition	Inhibitory function	Suppress startle response following an almost imperceptible warning tone before an aversive noise	Impaired relative to TD controls	185
Mismatch negativity, oddball	Executive function, attention	Detect unusual stimuli in a stream of serially presented items	Reduced frontal lobe signal during detection	186,187
N-back	Working memory	Identify whether the current letter matches one that was presented N spots earlier in the stream of items. For example, in a 2-back task the participant tries to remember whether the current letter matches one that was presented 2 letters earlier in the stream of stimuli	Accuracy and frontal lobe activation reduced	188
Go–NoGo	Inhibitory, executive function	Maintain memory rule and inhibit response to a rare non-target item in a stream of common target items	More parietal activation than TD controls	189,190