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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 29.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2005 Nov 21;40(3):221–230. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.09.007

Table 4.

Means, SD, and differences in symptoms and mood between healthy controls and individual with schizophrenia

Mean SD Z score p
Visual hallucinations Healthy controls 2.80 1.45 2.26 0.0237
Schizophrenia 18.88 25.17
Auditory hallucinations Healthy controls 2.82 1.52 3.94 <0.0001
Schizophrenia 41.45 31.41
Suspiciousness Healthy controls 7.17 6.85 2.18 0.0296
Schizophrenia 20.67 17.24
Thought control Healthy controls 84.49 8.56 3.98 <0.0001
Schizophrenia 63.61 14.15
Preoccupation Healthy controls 17.74 18.27 1.43 0.1528
Schizophrenia 31.51 25.74
Fear of losing control Healthy controls 6.62 6.90 2.38 0.0172
Schizophrenia 17.39 12.86
Unreality Healthy controls 5.05 3.70 4.69 <0.0001
Schizophrenia 18.30 8.86
Difficulty expressing thoughts Healthy controls 9.82 8.38 2.80 0.0052
Schizophrenia 28.85 23.93
Confusion Healthy controls 11.83 14.74 1.21 0.2264
Schizophrenia 23.05 18.31
Stress Healthy controls 39.42 11.88 0.01 0.9958
Schizophrenia 36.86 25.24
Relaxation Healthy controls 52.94 9.73 0.16 0.8687
Schizophrenia 54.33 14.12
Racing thoughts Healthy controls 20.28 17.87 0.23 0.8174
Schizophrenia 24.33 23.50
Sadness/depression Healthy controls 11.74 9.70 4.03 <0.0001
Schizophrenia 41.97 23.40
Irritation Healthy controls 26.62 15.46 1.34 0.1812
Schizophrenia 36.10 23.48
Cheerfulness Healthy controls 66.09 15.28 2.55 0.0107
Schizophrenia 46.11 19.14
Loneliness Healthy controls 10.29 5.68 2.69 0.0071
Schizophrenia 35.15 26.41

n = 20; ratings on a visual analog scale on a PDA (from 1 ‘I not at all’ to 100 ‘very much’); p-values are based on two-sided tests; SD was calculated based on the mean value of the measurement for each subject.