Table 3.
8-Year Outcomes (M, SD or %) for MTA and LNCG
| Group | Mixed Effects or Multinomial Model Results F or X2 (df), p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MTA | LNCG | Group (MTA vs LNCG) | Time | Group * Time | Effect Size | |
| ADHD Symptoms | N=436 | N=232 | ||||
| SNAP Inattention Parent | 1.40 (0.76) | 0.48 (0.48) | 512.13 (1) .0001 |
14.48 (2) .0007 |
14.83 (2) .0006 |
(1.36) |
| SNAP Inattention Teacher | 1.30 (0.74) | 0.73 (0.64) | ||||
| SNAP Hyper/Impulsive Parent | 0.77 (0.68) | 0.15 (0.24) | 384.46 (1) .0001 |
189.92 (2) .0001 |
39.06 (2) .0001 |
(1.09) |
| SNAP Hyper/Impulsive Teacher | 0.64 (0.67) | 0.24 (0.40) | ||||
| ODD Symptoms | ||||||
| SNAP ODD Parent | 1.03 (0.79) | 0.37 (0.46) | 253.12(1) .0001 |
26.64 (2) .0001 |
12.17 (2) .0023 |
(.95) |
| SNAP ODD Teacher | 0.51 (0.65) | 0.22 (0.42) | ||||
| Antisocial Behavior | ||||||
| Aggression Conduct Parent | 1.15 (0.22) | 1.04 (0.07) | 135.89 (1) .0001 |
32.30 (2) .0001 |
10.46 (2) .0054 |
(.60) |
| Aggression Conduct Teacher | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.05 (0.11) | ||||
| Delinquency Severity Rating | 1.62 (1.57) |
1.10 (1.50) |
107.90 (1) .0001 |
32.17(3) .0001 |
7.66 (3) .0536 |
(.34) |
| % 3 or higher | 36.4 | 21.8 | ||||
| Police Contacts, % once | 39.0 | 14.0 | 58.75 (1) .0001 |
(.47) | ||
| % two or more times | 10.9 | 3.2 | ||||
| Arrested, % once | 19.8 | 11.6 | 18.82 (1) .0001 |
(.38) | ||
| % two or more times | 7.0 | 2.6 | ||||
| Impairment: CIS | 1.09 (0.70) | 0.49 (0.46) | 238.30 (1) .0001 |
32.83 (2) .0001 |
6.60 (2) .0369 |
(.96) |
| Depression: CDI | 7.31 (7.27) | 5.77 (7.21) | 17.37 (1) .0001 |
39.95 (3) .0001 |
3.79 (3) .2846 |
(.21) |
| Anxiety: MASC | 82.8 (17.7) | 82.9 (15.7) | 0.15 (1) .6975 |
874.42 (3) .0001 |
1.31 (3) .7257 | |
| Academic | ||||||
| WIAT Reading | 95.7 (13.8) | 102.0 (11.6) | 21.30 (1) .0001 |
83.15 (2) .0001 |
3.19 (2) .2025 |
(.48) |
| WIAT Math | 94.6 (16.4) | 105.4 (16.6) | 44.27 (1) .0001 |
142.01 (2) .0001 |
12.68 (2) .0018 |
(.66) |
| SSRS Academic Performance Teacher | 3.08 (0.82) | 3.54 (0.83) | 53.49 (1) .0001 |
0.12 (2) .9436 |
10.82 (2) .0045 |
(.56) |
| Grade Point Average | 2.75 (0.57) | 3.02 (0.61) | 19.17 (1) .0001 |
(.45) | ||
| Grade Retention % | 37.3 | 17.9 | 31.38 (1) .0001 |
(.43) | ||
| Social Functioning | ||||||
| SSRS Social Skills Parent | 1.24 (0.28) | 1.46 (0.22) | 268.22 (1) .0001 |
29.06 (2) .0001 |
14.68 (2) .0006 |
(.84) |
| SSRS Social Skills Teacher | 1.19 (0.30) | 1.37 (0.30) | ||||
| Other | ||||||
| Psychiatric Hospitalizations, % | 10.4 | 1.3 | 12.62 (1) .0004 |
(.44) | ||
| Accident/citation/ticket, % | 22.2 | 27.6 | 1.37(1) .2417 |
|||
| Diagnosis | ||||||
| ADHD, % | 30.2 | 2.2 | 223.36 (1) .0001 |
6.74 (2) .0343 |
3.47 (2) .1768 |
(.88) |
| ADHD Combined, % | 8.8 | 0 | ||||
| ADHD Hyperactive, % | 2.5 | 0 | ||||
| ADHD Inattentive, % | 18.9 | 2.2 | ||||
| ODD/CD, % | 25.1 | 4.7 | 144.72 (1) | 11.87 (3) | 2.38 (3) | (.60) |
| Conduct, % | 8.1 | 2.2 | .0001 | .0079 | .4973 | |
| ODD, % | 17.7 | 2.6 | ||||
| Anxiety/Depression, % | 10.4 | 5.2 | 16.06 (1) .0001 |
10.27 (3) .0164 |
1.39(3) .7088 |
(.19) |
Note. Where applicable, means for parent and teacher reports are provided separately but regression analyses yielded one overall test of treatment, time, and treatment-by-time effects. For four variables (police contacts, arrested, diagnoses of ADHD and ODD/CD), additional descriptive statistics are provided for interpretation but analyses were based on the first variable listed. SNAP measures rated 0- not at all to 3- very much; Aggression Conduct Parent measure rated 1-never to 4- often; Aggression Conduct Teacher measure rated 0- not at all true to 3- very much true; CIS (Columbia Impairment Rating Scale) rated 0- no problem to 4- a very bad problem; CDI (Children's Depression Inventory) rated 0 – Best to 2 – Worst, 27 items summed; MASC (Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children) rated 1 – never true to 4 – often true, 45 items summed; SSRS (Social Skills Rating System) Academic Performance Teacher measure rated 1-lowest 10% of class to 5- highest 10% of class; SSRS Social Skills measures rated 0- never to 2-very often. School services data not available for LNCG. Results reported from analyses without age as covariate but with IQ controlled for outcomes in academic domain. Only effect sizes for contrasts significant at p<.05 are reported. Effect sizes were calculated on observed data using Cohen'd d for means (SD) and Cohen's h for proportions (0.2-small, 0.5-medium, 0.8-large) after confirming correspondence with least squares estimated mean differences (which are less clinically interpretable). N=31 LNCG cases with ADHD at recruitment removed from analyses; results were not appreciably different when they were included. MTA = Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder; LNCG = Local Normative Comparison Group; SNAP = Swanson, Nolan, Pelham Rating Scale; ODD/CD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder / Conduct Disorder. WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; CIS = Columbia Impairment Rating Scale; CDI = Children's Depression Inventory