Table 3.
Associations of breastfeeding with child BP, BMI and IQ in the ALSPAC and Pelotas cohorts
| Mean difference in outcome by breastfeeding duration category |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Cohort (age at measure) | N | Breastfeeding duration | Unadjusted mean | Unadjusteda β (95% CI) | P trend | Adjustedb β (95% CI) | P trend |
| SBP (mmHg) | ALSPAC (7 years) | 5193 | 0 to <1 month | 99.5 | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | 0.001 |
| 1 to <3 months | 98.7 | −0.89 (−1.63 to −0.15) | −0.69 (−1.44 to 0.05) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 99.2 | −0.52 (−1.28 to 0.24) | −0.05 (−0.83 to 0.73) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 97.9 | −1.78 (−2.35 to −1.21) | −1.16 (−1.78 to −0.54) | |||||
| Pelotas (11 years) | 1083 | 0 to <1 month | 102.4 | Reference | 0.5 | Reference | 0.7 | |
| 1 to <3 months | 101.7 | −0.70 (−3.04 to 1.64) | −0.81 (−3.15 to 1.53) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 100.0 | −2.02 (−4.48 to 0.40) | −1.99 (−4.46 to 0.47) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 102.1 | −0.68 (−3.00 to 1.63) | −0.50 (−2.82 to 1.83) | |||||
| DBP (mmHg) | ALSPAC (7 years) | 5193 | 0 to <1 month | 56.8 | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | 0.04 |
| 1 to <3 months | 56.2 | −0.66 (−1.21 to −0.10) | −0.57 (−1.12 to −0.13) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 56.5 | −0.38 (−0.94 to 0.19) | −0.10 (−0.68 to 0.48) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 56.0 | −0.90 (−1.33 to −0.47) | −0.57 (−1.03 to −0.10) | |||||
| Pelotas (11 years) | 1083 | 0 to <1 month | 64.2 | Reference | 0.99 | Reference | 0.9 | |
| 1 to <3 months | 62.9 | −1.31 (−3.19 to 0.57) | −1.39 (−3.26 to 0.48) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 62.3 | −1.68 (−3.64 to 0.28) | −1.68 (−3.64 to 0.28) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 64.0 | −0.42 (−2.25 to 1.41) | −0.29 (−2.12 to 1.54) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ALSPAC (9 years) | 4852 | 0 to <1 month | 17.95 | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | <0.001 |
| 1 to <3 months | 17.77 | −0.17 (−0.42 to 0.07) | −0.13 (−0.38 to 0.11) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 17.52 | −0.42 (−0.67 to −0.18) | −0.35 (−0.60 to −0.10) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 17.37 | −0.58 (−0.77 to −0.39) | −0.46 (−0.66 to −0.26) | |||||
| Pelotas (11 years) | 1085 | 0 to <1 month | 18.5 | Reference | 0.1 | Reference | 0.2 | |
| 1 to <3 months | 18.3 | −0.18 (−0.90 to 0.54) | −0.12 (−0.84 to 0.59) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 18.0 | −0.44 (−1.16 to 0.27) | −0.42 (−1.14 to 0.29) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 18.9 | 0.46 (−0.24 to 1.16) | 0.40 (−0.30 to 1.10) | |||||
| IQ | ALSPAC (8 years) | 4891 | 0 to <1 month | 101.1 | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | <0.001 |
| 1 to <3 months | 104.0 | 2.82 (1.45 to 4.18) | 1.09 (−0.19 to 2.37) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 107.0 | 5.87 (4.46 to 7.28) | 2.13 (0.79 to 3.47) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 109.5 | 8.40 (7.33 to 9.47) | 2.90 (1.82 to 3.98) | |||||
| Pelotas (4 years) | 506 | 0 to <1 month | 89.1 | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | <0.001 | |
| 1 to <3 months | 91.0 | 1.88 (−2.36 to 6.10) | 1.74 (−2.01 to 5.48) | |||||
| 3 to <6 months | 95.4 | 6.31 (1.73 to 10.90) | 5.74 (1.62 to 9.85) | |||||
| ≥6 months | 95.8 | 6.71 (2.64 to 10.77) | 5.65 (2.02, 9.27) | |||||
aSBP and DBP adjusted for height at measurement.
bAdjusted models include child sex, family income, maternal education, paternal education, family occupational social class and (for SBP and DBP) height at measurement.
CI, confidence interval.