Table 2. Blood culture isolates from 22 studies, Africa, 1984–2006.
| Number of isolates (proportion of total isolates) | Number of isolates in adults (proportion of isolates in adults) | Number of isolates in children (proportion of isolates in children) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enterobacteriaceae | 2331 (41.3%) | 1019 (49.0%) | 1312 (36.8%) |
|
| |||
| Salmonella enterica | 1643 (29.1%) | 878 (42.3%) | 765 (21.4%) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella* | 960 (17.0%) | 291 (14.0%) | 669 (18.7%) |
| S enterica serotype Typhimurium | 460 (8.1%) | 185 (8.9%) | 275 (7.7%) |
| S enterica serotype Enteritidis | 234 (4.1%) | 77 (3.7%) | 157 (4.4%) |
| S enterica serotype Paratyphi A | 9 (<1.0%) | 5 (<1.0%) | 4 (<1.0%) |
| S enterica serotype Choleraesuis | 3 (<1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (<1.0%) |
| S enterica serotype Typhi | 560 (9.9%) | 553 (26.6%) | 7 (<1.0%) |
| Unspecified Salmonella spp | 123 (2.2%) | 34 (1.6%) | 89 (2.5%) |
|
| |||
| Non-Salmonella Enterobacteriaceae | 688 (12.2%) | 141 (6.8%) | 547 (15.3%) |
| Escherichia coli | 412 (7.3%) | 77 (3.7%) | 335 (9.4%) |
| Klebsiella spp | 123 (2.2%) | 24 (1.2%) | 99 (2.8%) |
| Enterobacter spp | 47 (<1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 47 (1.3%) |
| Proteus mirabilis | 28 (<1.0%) | 17 (<1.0%) | 11 (<1.0%) |
| Citrobacter spp | 26 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 25 (<1.0%) |
| Shigella spp | 22 (<1.0%) | 10 (<1.0%) | 12 (<1.0%) |
| Other Enterobacteriaceae† | 30 (<1.0%) | 12 (<1.0%) | 18 (<1.0%) |
|
| |||
| Other Gram-negative organisms | 955 (16.9%) | 341 (16.4%) | 614 (17.2%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 287 (5.1%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 286 (8.0%) |
| Brucella spp | 275 (4.9%) | 275 (13.2%) | 0 (0) |
| Acinetobacter spp | 100 (1.8%) | 16 (<1.0%) | 84 (2.4%) |
| Pseudomonas spp | 76 (1.3%) | 15 (<1.0%) | 61 (1.7%) |
| Neisseria spp | 55 (1.0%) | 22 (1.1%) | 33 (<1.0%) |
| Alcaligenes xylosoxidans | 11 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 10 (<1.0%) |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 10 (<1.0%) | 0 (<1.0%) | 10 (<1.0%) |
| Campylobacter spp | 9 (<1.0%) | 0 (<1.0%) | 9 (<1.0%) |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 0 (0) |
| Other Gram negatives‡ | 21 (<1.0%) | 6 (<1.0%) | 15 (<1.0%) |
| Unspecified Gram negatives | 110 (2.0%) | 4 (<1.0%) | 106 (3.0%) |
|
| |||
| Gram-positive organisms | 1885 (33.4%) | 336 (16.2%) | 1549 (43.4%) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 1031 (18.3%) | 198 (9.5%) | 833 (23.3%) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 537 (9.5%) | 111 (5.4%) | 426 (12.0%) |
| Other streptococci§ | 118 (2.1%) | 21 (1.0%) | 97 (2.7%) |
| Group A streptococcus | 95 (17%) | 3 (<1.0%) | 92 (2.6%) |
| Group B streptococcus | 63 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 63 (1.8%) |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 27 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 26 (<1.0%) |
| Enterococcus spp | 8 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 7 (<1.0%) |
| Other Gram-positives¶ | 5 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 4 (<1.0%) |
| Unspecified Gram positives | 1 (<1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) |
|
| |||
| Yeasts | 40 (0.7%) | 39 (1.9%) | 1 (<1.0%) |
| Cryptococcus spp | 31 (<1.0%) | 31 (1.5%) | 0 (0) |
| Candida spp | 5 (<1.0%) | 5 (<1.0%) | 0 (0) |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | 2 (<1.0%) | 2 (<1.0%) | 0 (0) |
| Unidentified fungi | 2 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) | 1 (<1.0%) |
|
| |||
| Mycobacteria | 174 | 173 | 1 |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex | 166 | 166 | 0 |
| Other mycobacteria‖ | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| Mycobacterium avium complex | 3 | 2 | 1 |
|
| |||
| Total number of undescribed isolates** | 262 (47%) | 170 (8.2%) | 92 (2.6%) |
|
| |||
| Total number of polymicrobial infections | 69 | 27 | 42 |
|
| |||
| Total number of isolates | 5647 | 2078 | 3569 |
|
| |||
| Total number of patients with blood culture | 58 296 | 15 166 | 43 130 |
Total non-typhoidal Salmonella were not consistently described to species level, thus total reported non-typhoidal Salmonella was greater than the sum of species.
Other Enterobacteriaceae include: unspecified Enterobacteriaceae (22), Kluyvera spp (2), Deftroide spp (2), Hafnia alvei (1), Morganella sp (1), Providencia sp (1), and Serratia plymuthica (1).
Other Gram-negative organisms were Burkholderia cepacia (1), Flavobacterium sp (1), Flavimonas sp (1), Sphingamonas sp (1), Aeromonas spp (16), and Xanthomonas maltophila (1).
Other streptococci were Streptococcus viridans (41), Streptococcus bovis (1), group C streptococci (5), group G streptococci (3), unspecified streptococci (68).
Other Gram-positive organisms include: Rhodococcus spp (3), Bacillus cereus (1), and Actinomyces sp (1).
Other mycobacteria include: Mycobacterium simiae (1), other atypical mycobacteria (2), and unidentifi ed mycobateria (2).
Total categorical pathogens are not completely described in seven studies. Afifi et al32 reported 159 (1.5%) of isolates by a general list, as follows: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus viridans, streptococcus group C and D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast, Salmonella group B, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter, and Citrobacter. Bell et al46 reported total numbers of pathogens, but did not describe six (8.8%). Berkley et al48 described 69 out of 91 “other Gram-negative” pathogens in a table, leaving 22 undescribed. Enwere et al58 and Falade et al60 reported 28 and 38 organisms, respectively, as “Other pathogens”. Ssali et al26 reported three pathogens with unknown identity, and two that were likely contaminants (Micrococcus sp, Moraxella catarrhalis). Sigauque et al92 described 118 “other organisms” in a footnote to the article's table 1; however, the organisms in the footnote add to 114, leaving four undescribed.