. 2011 Jan 19;11(1):1105–1176. doi: 10.3390/s110101105

Table 5.

Nosocomial opportunistic pathogens detectable with e-nose instruments as disease-causing agents of both plants and humans in the hospital environment.

Pathogenic microbe	Plant diseases	Human diseases	References
Bacterial pathogens
Burkholderia cenocepacia	Banana finger-tip rot	Increases mortality in cystic fibrosis patients	[324–326]
Burkholderia cepacia	Onion soft rot (sour skin)	Pulmonary infections particularly in cystic fibrosis patients, pneumonia, septicemia	[325,327,328]
Burkholderia dolosa	Opportunist plant pathogen	Increases mortality in cystic fibrosis patients	[325,326]
Pantoea agglomerans	Epidermal surfaces of thorny plants	Soft tissue and bone/joint infections	[329–332]
Ralstonia syzygii	Clove tree, banana	Blood-borne diseases	[333,334]
Ralstonia taiwanensis	Root nodules of Mimosa spp.	Opportunistic infections of cystic fibrosis patients	[335]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Many plants spp.	Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, bone & joint infections, bacteremia	[336,337]
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	Plant endophyte	pneumonia, urinary tract and blood stream infections	[338,339]
Fungal pathogens
Acremonium falciforme	Saprophyte on plant debris	Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas	[340,341]
Aspergillus flavus	Rots maize, peanuts	chronic sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections, osteomyelitis, aflatoxin toxicosis	[342]
Aspergillus nidulans	Bean, pea, and cucumber leaf spots, orange rot	Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas	[343,344]
Cercospora apii	Celery, beet, tomato, lettuce, tobacco, potato leaf spots	Dermatophytic skin lesions and deformities	[345,346]
Cladophyalophora carrionii	Plant leaf spots	Chromomycosis skin infections	[347–350]
Coccidioides immitis		Respiratory tract, skin, bones, central nervous system infections	[351]
Fonsecaea pedrosoi		Chromomycosis skin infections	[347,352]
Fusarium graminearum	Wheat, barley, rice, head blight	Alimentary toxic aleukia, weight loss, convulsions, anorexia, impaired immunity	[353–355]
Fusarium moniliforme	Vegetable seed rot	Fusarium sepsis	[356,357]
Fusarium oxysporum	Vascular wilt of many plant spp.	Nondermatophytic onychomycosis, fusariotoxicosis, keratitis	[358,359]
Fusarium solani, roseum	Vascular wilt of solanaceous plants	Skin lesions, encephalopathy, panophthalmitis, keratitis	[360,361]
Geotrichum candidum	Fruit & vegetable saprophyte	Oral, vaginal, skin, & systemic infections	[362–364]
Geotrichum capitatum	Surfaces of plant foods (ingested)	Septicemia, meningitis, discitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, vertebral osteomyelitis, respiratory tract & gastrointestinal infections	[365]
Phialophora verrucosa	Wood and woody plant surfaces	Chromomycosis, cutaneous and subcutaneous infections	[347,366,367]
Pseudallescheria boydii	Saprophyte of vegetable oils and tissues	Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas, systemic infections	[368–371]