Table 5. Neuronal glucose transporter GLUT3: treatment-evoked changes in cell surface expression and total protein level, and functional abnormalities in mice with GLUT3 deficiency.
| Preparationa | Treatmenta | Duration | Response Magnitude b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hippocampal neurons (E18) | 100 μmol/L Glutamate + 1 μmol/L FCCP + | 5–20 minutes | 60% ↑GLUT3 surface expression 130% ↑DG transport | Patel and Brewer, 2003 |
| 10 mg/mL oligomycin | ||||
| Cerebellar granule neurons (PN7) | 100 μmol/L Glutamate + 10 μmol/L glycine | 30–60 minutes | 30–55% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | Weisová et al, 2009 |
| Cerebral cortical neurons (E18) | 50 μmol/L Bicuculline + 100 μmol/L 4- | 15 minutes | 400% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | Ferreira et al, 2011 |
| Aminopyridine (AP) | 30 minutes | 1,900% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | ||
| 50 μmol/L NOR3 (nitric oxide donor) | 15 minutes | 1,400% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | ||
| Hippocampal neurons (E18) | 50 μmol/L Bicuculline + 100 μmol/L 4-AP | 15 minutes | 300% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | |
| 50 μmol/L Bicuculline + 100 μmol/L 4-AP | 15 minutes | 80% ↑GLUT3 surface expression in dendrites | ||
| 50 μmol/L NOR3 (nitric oxide donor) | 5 minutes | 700% ↑GLUT3 surface expression | ||
| 50 μmol/L Bicuculline + 100 μmol/L 4-AP | 15 minutes | 60% ↑2-NBDG mainly phosphorylation | ||
| Cerebellar granule | 5 → 15 or 25 mmol/L KCl | 8 days | 150–200% ↑GLUT3 protein level | Maher and Simpson, |
| neurons (PN8) | 250–550% ↑DG transport | 1994 | ||
| 15 mmol/L KCl + 150 μmol/L NMDA | 80% ↑GLUT3 protein level versus 15 mmol/L KCl | |||
| 60% ↑DG transport versus 15 mmol/L KCl | ||||
| Adult rat | Repeated hypoglycemia | 4 days | 50% ↑GLUT3 protein level in forebrain | Lee et al, 2000 |
| Water deprivation | 2–3 days | 40–55% ↑GLUT3 protein level in neurohypophysis | Vannucci et al, 1994 | |
| Streptozotocin diabetes | 2 weeks | 50% ↑GLUT3 protein level | ||
| Streptozotocin diabetes + 6 hours/day restraint stress | 7 days | 10–20% ↑GLUT3 protein level in regions of the hippocampus | Reagan et al, 1999 | |
| Heterozygous GLUT3-deficient mice | Tests were carried out with 7-day-old or 2–12-month-old mice | Developmental abnormalities leading to autism spectrum disorders including abnormal spatial learning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Animals also have EEG seizures and perturbed social behavior | Zhao et al, 2010 |
a
The age at which tissue was obtained for cultured cells is denoted by E=embryonic or PN=postnatal, followed by the age in days. Bicuculline is a GABA receptor antagonist; see legends to Tables 3 and 4 for more details about actions of inhibitors.
b
Magnitude of response is expressed as approximate percentage change owing to treatment, 100 [(treated−control)/control]. Deoxyglucose (DG) assays are typically used to measure glucose phosphorylation, but brief assays are also used to measure transport. 2-NBDG is a fluorescent glucose analog that is transported and phosphorylated; the 15 minutes assay in this study probably reflects mainly phosphorylation.