Table 4. Upregulation of negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways during LPS priming. Adopted and modified from reviews20, 65.
| Regulatory proteins | Function | LPS primed condition | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| IRAKM | Prevents dissociation of IRAK1 and IRAK4 | Increased | 86 |
| A20 | Prevents ubiquitinylation of TRAF6 | Increased | 87 |
| SOCS1 | Inhibit JAK-STAT signaling cascade | Increased | 219 |
| MyD88s | Unable to induce IRAK phosphorylation | Increased | 220 |
| sTREM-1 | Anti-inflammatory role in mice | Increased | 221 |
| TRAF4 | Interacts and counteracts TRAF6 and TRIF | Increased | 222 |
| Tripartite-motif protein,TRIM30α | Prevents downstream activation of NF-κB and cytokine induction by degrading TAK1 | Increased | 223 |
Abbreviations: IRAK, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MyD88s, a splice variant of MyD88; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; sTREM, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TRAF6, tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6.