| Abnormal spermatogenesis | |
| ATM; ATMAC; DAZL; ERCC2; GTF2A1L; JUN; NLRP14; NRB0B1; POLG; PRM1; PRM2; SDHA; SOX8; XRCC1; YBX2 | |
| Azoospermia | |
| APOB; ACSBG2; ART3; ATM; BOULE; BPY2; BRCA2; CDY1; CFTR; CREM; DAZ; DDX25; DDX3Y; DRFFY; ERCC1; ERCC2; FASLG; FHL5; FKBP6; HNRNPC; HSFY1; KLHL10; LAP3; MBOAT1; MEI1; MLH1; MLH3; MTR; NLRP14; PRDM16; RBMX; RBMY1A1; RBMY1F; SPATA16; SYCP1; SYCP3; TAF7L; TGIF2LX; TSPY; TSSK4; UBE2B; USP26; UTP14C; USP9Y; UTY; XPC; XPD; XRCC1; YBX2; ZNF230 | |
| Oligospermia | |
| MT-ATP6; EGF; FASL; H19 and MEST; KLHL10; PIGA; PRM1; PRM2; SHBG; SDHA; TSSK4; UBE2B; VASA | |
| Asthenozoospermia | |
| AKAP3; AKAP4C; CATSPER2; DNMT3B; DHAH5; DNAH11; DNAL1; PDYN; GNA12; Mitochondrial DNA; MTHFR; MT-ND4; PIGA; POLG; PPM1G; PRKAR1A; SHBG; SPAG16; TEKT1; TEKT2; TPN1; TPN2; TXNDC3; T mt DNA haplotypes | |
| Teratozoospermia | |
| AURKC; PRM1; PVRL2; SPATA16; SP1 | |
| Oligoasthenozoospermia | |
| JUND; mt-ND4; NALP14 | |
| Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia | |
| MTRR; IL1B; SABP | |
| Acrosome or fertilization | |
| POIA3 | |
| DNA damage | Infertility |
| GSTM1 | AR; GSTM1 KIT; KITLG; IL1A; OAZ3; PRM1; TSPY; TSSK4; USP26; YBX2 |
| Varicocele effect | |
| MT-ATP6; MT-ATP; CACNA1C; MT-CO1; MT-CO2; MT-ND3 | |
| Chromosome defect | |
| Numerical sex chromosome (Klinefelter's; XXY–XXXXY) | |
| Structural chromosome (translocations, inversions or deletions) | |
| Y chromosome microdeletions, XX male or XY female | |
| Systemic disorders affecting fertility | |
| Kartagener's syndrome | Noonan (PTPN11) |
| Fanconi anemia (FANCA) | Sickle cell anemia (HBB) |
| Myotonic dystrophy (DMPK) | β-thalassemia |
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