Table 2.
Bivariable Associations Between Risk Factors and New–Onset Disability at Discharge in the Derivation Cohort
| Risk Factor | New–Onset Disability at Discharge* | P-Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
| Sociodemographic risk factor | |||
| Age | <.001 | ||
| 70–79 | 114 (21) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| 80–89 | 108 (37) | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) | |
| ≥90 | 30 (60) | 5.7 (3.1–10.4) | |
| Sex | <.01 | ||
| Male | 86 (24) | 1 | |
| Female | 166 (32) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | |
| Marital status | <.001 | ||
| Other | 27 (33) | 1 | |
| Married | 83 (21) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | |
| Widowed | 142 (35) | 1.1 (0. 7–1.8) | |
| Self-identified race | .45 | ||
| Black | 25 (25) | 1 | |
| White | 227 (29) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | |
| Education, years | .08 | ||
| <12 | 100 (30) | 1 | |
| 12 | 58 (22) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
| >12 | 64 (30) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | |
| Lives alone | .18 | ||
| No | 146 (27) | 1 | |
| Yes | 105 (31) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |
| Functional status 2 weeks before admission | |||
| Mobility | <0.001 | ||
| Able to run a short distance | 38 (14) | 1 | |
| Able to walk uphill or stairs but unable to run a short distance | 145 (30) | 2.6 (1.7–3.8) | |
| Unable to walk uphill or stairs | 67 (48) | 5.5 (3.4–8.9) | |
| Instrumental ADLs | <.001 | ||
| Independent in all | 125 (21) | 1 | |
| Dependent in 1–2 | 72 (35) | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | |
| Dependent in ≥3 | 55 (67) | 7.7 (4.6–12.6) | |
| Characteristics on admission | |||
| Patient assessment of global health | .40 | ||
| Poor to fair | 63 (29) | 1 | |
| Good, very good, or excellent | 123 (25) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | |
| ADLs | <.001 | ||
| Independent in all | 99 (19) | 1 | |
| Dependent in 1 | 32 (27) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | |
| Dependent in 2 | 39 (44) | 3.4 (2.1–5.5) | |
| Dependent in 3 | 27 (47) | 3.8 (2.2–6.7) | |
| Dependent in 4 or 5 | 52 (66) | 8.4 (5.0–14.1) | |
| Number of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), n (%) | .75 | ||
| 0–3 | 185 (29) | 1 | |
| ≥4 | 67 (28) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | |
| Gait | <.01 | ||
| Steady | 47 (16) | 1 | |
| Unsteady | 93 (26) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | |
| Clinical conditions | |||
| Stroke | <.001 | ||
| Absent | 217 (26) | 1 | |
| Present | 35 (63) | 4.7 (2.7–8.3) | |
| Severe cognitive impairment | <.001 | ||
| Absent | 162 (22) | 1 | |
| Present | 90 (60) | 5.2 (3.6–7.5) | |
| Congestive heart failure | .04 | ||
| Absent | 179 (27) | 1 | |
| Present | 73 (34) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | .09 | ||
| Absent | 179 (27) | 1 | |
| Present | 73 (33) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | |
| Pneumonia | .04 | ||
| Absent | 229 (30) | 1 | |
| Present | 23 (20) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | |
| Chronic lung disease | .03 | ||
| Absent | 198 (30) | 1 | |
| Present | 54 (23) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | .77 | ||
| Absent | 237 (29) | 1 | |
| Present | 15 (27) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | .53 | ||
| Absent | 198 (29) | 1 | |
| Present | 54 (27) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |
| Metastatic cancer | .03 | ||
| Absent | 230 (28) | 1 | |
| Present | 22 (42) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | |
| Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Acute Physiology Score (tertiles) | <.001 | ||
| ≤8 | 100 (24) | 1 | |
| 9–11 | 78 (26) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | |
| >11 | 74 (43) | 2.4 (1.6–3.5) | |
| Charlson comorbidity score (tertiles) | .02 | ||
| 0–1 | 93 (25) | 1 | |
| 2–3 | 93 (29) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |
| ≥4 | 66 (36) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Creatinine, mg/dL (tertiles) | .59 | ||
| <1.5 | 194 (28) | 1 | |
| 1.5–2.9 | 44 (31) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | |
| ≥3 | 11 (36) | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | |
| Hematocrit, % (tertiles) | .1 | ||
| <30 | 45 (33) | 1 | |
| 30–35 | 75 (32) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | |
| ≥36 | 127 (26) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | <.001 | ||
| ≥3.0 | 178 (26) | 1 | |
| <3.0 | 64 (50) | 3.0 (2.0–4.4) | |
*
The composite outcome of disabled at discharge includes participants with activity of daily living (ADL) disability and those who died during hospitalization, as described in the Methods section.
†
P-value from global likelihood ratio tests for each single predictor logistic regression model.