. 2014 Jan;184(1):4–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.035

Table 1.

Metabolic Changes in Tumors and Activated Lymphocytes

Metabolic step	Cancer cells	Primary tumors	Functional importance	Potential target	Activated lymphocytes	Potential oncogene target
Glucose uptake/glucose transporters	Increased¹⁰	Increased^2,11	Yes^12,13	Yes¹⁴	Increased^15–18	Induced by MYC,^19,20 AKT,¹⁵ and HIF²¹ and repressed by p53^22,23
Hexokinase	Hexokinase II increased^24,25	Hexokinase II increased²⁵	Yes²⁶	Yes²⁷	Increased^17,28	Induced by MYC²⁹ and AKT³⁰
Phosphofructokinase	Liver isozyme induced³¹	Liver isozyme increased³¹	Yes³²	Yes³²	Increased¹⁷	Induced by MYC²⁰ and AKT³³
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase	Induced³⁴	Increased³⁴	Yes³⁵	Yes³⁶	Increased³⁷	Induced by p53³⁸
Pyruvate kinase	Shift to PKM2³⁹	Shift to PKM2³⁹	Yes^39–41	Yes^39–41	Increased^17,28
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase		Increased⁴²	Yes^43,44	Yes^44,45		Increased by HIF⁴⁶ and repressed by p53⁴⁷
Lactate dehydrogenase		Increased⁴⁸	Yes^49,50	Yes⁵¹	Increased²⁸	Increased by MYC⁵⁰
Monocarboxylate transporters	Increased⁵²	Increased⁵²	Yes⁵³	Yes⁵³	Increased²⁸	Repressed by p53⁵⁴
Lactate secretion		Increased⁴⁹	Yes^49,50		Increased¹⁵	Increased by MYC¹⁹ and repressed by p53²²
ATP citrate lyase		Increased⁵⁵	Yes⁵⁶	Yes⁵⁶		Activated by AKT⁵⁷
Glutamine consumption/glutamine transporters	Increased⁵⁸				Increased^17,28,59	Increased by MYC⁶⁰
Glutaminase	Increased⁶¹		Yes⁶²	Yes^19,62	Increased^17,59	Increased by MYC⁶¹
Glutamate dehydrogenase			Yes⁶³	Yes⁶³	Increased⁵⁹
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase			Yes⁶³	Yes^60,63,64	Increased^28,59
Oxidative phosphorylation	May increase^65–67		Yes⁶⁷	Yes⁶⁷	Increased¹⁸	Induced by MYC⁶⁷ and p53²²