Table 3.
Interferon-γ in development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
| Description | IFNγ activity or immune response | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Identifying vaccine epitopesa | Epitopes inducing only IFNγ do not correlate with HIV load or disease progression | (78, 79, 105, 107) |
| Cytokine adjuvantb | ||
| Genetic IFNγ adjuvant for DNA vaccine | No effect or some enhanced DNA vaccine efficacy in animal models | (108 –111) |
| IFNγ adjuvant for protein-based vaccine | No effect in an animal model | Pu and Yamamoto, unpublished observation |
| Phase IIb–III vaccine trials | ||
| Phase III VaxGen 003 and 004 trials | IFNγ responses by CD8+ T cells | (112) |
| Phase IIb STEP trial | IFNγ responses by T cells | (113) |
| Phase III RV144 trial | IgG antibodies to Env-V1V2 inversely correlate with HIV infection rate | (114) |
| IFNγ and/or IL-2 responses to Env by CD4+ T cells | (115) | |
| IFNγ, IL-2, and/or TNFα responses to Env by polyfunctional CD4+ T cells | (116) |
aEvaluation in long-term survivors, elite controllers, and progressors.
bSIV/macaque model in genetic adjuvant and FIV/cat model in genetic and protein adjuvants.