. 2009 Nov 5;19(6):281–293. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20081034

Table 2. Summary of studies on the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in Asia.

Authors/year	Study	Year	Study design	Case findings	Diagnostic criteria	Age of cases	Proportion examined by neurologists	Population	PD cases	Participation rate
Wang et al, 1991¹⁶	China	1986	Door-to-door survey	2-phase door-to-door survey: questionnaire and neurological examination	Schoenberg’s criteria^a	All ages	100%	3 869 162	566	Not stated

Chen et al, 2001³¹	Taiwan	1993–9	Door-to-door survey with follow-up at 7 years	2-phase door-to-door survey: - Questionnaire - Examination by neurologists	≥2 cardinal signs and exclude other causes	≥40	100%	75 579	15	88%

Harada et al, 1983²²	Yonago, Japan	1975–1981	Record-based survey	Medical records from hospitals, general practitioners, national health insurance	≥2 of 4 cardinal signs and exclude secondary causes	Not clear, likely all ages	45%	125 291	10–14 per year	Not stated

Kusumi et al, 1996²⁴	Yonago, Japan	1992–4	Record-based survey	Review of medical records and questionnaire sent to hospitals and clinics	≥2 of 4 cardinal signs, improvement by L-dopa and exclude secondary causes	All ages	Not stated	1 342 315	14–24 per year in 4 years	99% in the questionnaire response

Moriwaka et al, 1996²⁵	Hokkaido, Japan	1992–4	Record-based from neurologists, general hospitals, and Ministry of Welfare and Health	2-phase survey: prevalence survey of all of Hokkaido, then prevalence and incidence study in Iwamizawa City 1 year later	≥2 of 4 cardinal signs, negative CT brain, response to antiparkinsonian drugs and excluded secondary causes	All ages	Not clear (≥49%)	80 417 (Iwamizawa city)	7	Not stated

Morioka et al, 2002³³	Wakayama, Japan	1998	Record-based survey	Mailed questionnaire on newly diagnosed cases to clinics and hospitals	1. unclear onset, slow progressive 2. at least 1 of a) tremor b) cogwheel rigidity, akinesia and/or festinating gait c) if a & b are absent, 3 of postural tremor, lead-pipe rigidity, akinesia, festinating gait, and retropulsion are present 3. L-dopa responsive 4. exclude drug-induced disorder and other secondary causes	≥40 years	Not stated	1 372 781	232	99%

Tan et al, 2007³⁴	Singapore	2001–3	Record-based + phone interview	Door-to-door survey of prevalence; then phone interview, medical record review, and database merge for incident cases	Gelb criteria	≥50	78%	14 835	12	67%

^aSchoenberg’s criteria: (a) insidiously progressive rest tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia + no definite cause + middle age, (b) diagnosis by neurologist or senior doctor, and (c) exclusion of secondary causes.