Table 1.
Studies of oxidative stress in the ASD brain.
| Year published | Citation | No. of ASD | No. of controls | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Evans et al., 2008 | 5 | 5 | Increase in 3 oxidative damage markers in cerebellum, hippocampus and BA39 in ASD group |
| 2008 | López-Hurtado and Prieto, 2008 | 8 | 7 | Increase in lipofuscin containing cells in BA22, BA44, and BA39 in ASD group |
| 2008 | Sajdel-Sulkowska et al., 2008 | 9 | 10 | Significant elevation in 3NT in ASD group; 3NT correlated with cerebellar mercury concentration |
| 2009 | Sajdel-Sulkowska et al., 2009 | 8 | 7 | 3NT correlated with neurotrophin-3 in the ASD brain; 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine higher in cerebellum in ASD group |
| 2010 | Palmieri et al., 2010 | 6 | 6 | Three-fold higher oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in BA41/42 or BA22 in ASD group |
| 2011 | Chauhan et al., 2011 | 8 | 8 | Increased lipid hydroperoxides in temporal lobes and cerebellum in ASD group |
| 2011 | Sajdel-Sulkowska et al., 2011 | 2 | 2 | Elevated 3NT in orbitofrontal cortex, Wernicke's area, cerebellar vermis and pons in ASD group |
| 2012 | Chauhan et al., 2012a | 10 | 10 | GSH/GSSG and reduced GSH levels both significantly lower in cerebellum and temporal lobes in ASD group |
| 2012 | Rose et al., 2012b | 15 | 15 | GSH/GSSG and GSH both significantly lower in cerebellum and BA22 in ASD group; 3NT elevated in cerebellum and BA22 in ASD group; 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine elevated in cerebellum and BA22 in ASD group and correlated with GSH/GSSG |
| 2013 | Gu et al., 2013b | 10 | 10 | Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase, glutamate cysteine ligase decreased in cerebellum in ASD group |
| 2013 | Muratore et al., 2013 | 10 | 10 | Similar 8-hydroxyguanosine in the frontal cortex (BA 9, 22, 41, 42, or 46) between groups. Significantly lower methionine synthase mRNA along with lower levels of homocysteine and cystathionine in these same areas in the autism brains compared to controls, suggestive of adaptive responses to oxidative stress |
| 2013 | Tang et al., 2013 | 20 | 25 | Diminished superoxide dismutase 2 activity in BA21 in ASD group; 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine higher in temporal lobe in ASD group |