Table 1.
Summary of in vivo studies representing the major milestones in the α-synuclein-injected toxicity.
| Inoculum | Injection site | Recipients | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central nervous system | |||
| Symptomatic Tg M83 mice brain lysates | n.s. | Tg M83+/+ mice | Mougenot et al. (2012) |
| Recombinant mouse α-syn Symptomatic Tg M83 mice brain lysates | Striatum | C57BL/6 J mice | Luk et al. (2012a) |
| Recombinant human α-syn Symptomatic Tg M83 mice brain lysates | Cortex Striatum | Tg M83+/+ mice | Luk et al. (2012b) |
| Recombinant human and mouse α-syn Symptomatic Tg M83 mice brain lysates Insoluble fraction of DLB brains | SN | C57BL/6 J mice | Masuda-Suzukake et al. (2013) |
| Brain homogenates from Tg M83+/+ Human brain homogenates from MSA patients | Parietal lobe | Tg (M83+/-:GFAP-luc) mice | Watts et al. (2013) |
| Recombinant human and mouse α-syn | SN Striatum Ent. Cortex | C57BL/6 J mice | Masuda-Suzukake et al. (2014) |
| LB-purified from PD patients | SN Striatum | C57BL/6 J mice Non-human primates | Recasens et al. (2014) |
| Peripheral Nervous Sytem | |||
| rAAV expressing human α-syn | Left vagus nerve | Rats WT | Ulusoy et al. (2013) |
| Recombinant human α-syn Human SN lysates from PD patient | Intestinal wall | Rats WT | Holmqvist et al. (2014) |
| Recombinant human α-syn | Olfactory bulb | C57BL/6J mice | Rey et al. (2013) |
| Human and mouse recombinant α-syn | Hindlimb muscle | Tg M83+/+ mice M20 WT mice | Sacino et al. (2014b) |
α-syn, α-synuclein; DLB, dementia with Lewy body; Ent. Cortex, entorhinal cortex; GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein; LB, Lewy body; Luc, luciferase; MSA, multiple system atrophy; n.s., not specified; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SN, substantia nigra; rAAV, recombinant adeno-associated virus; Str, striatum; Tg, transgenic; WT, wild-type.