Table 3.
Levels of chemokines and cytokines in the peripheral blood
| H5N1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H5N1a (n = 16) | P b | H3/H1 (n = 6) | P c | Controls (n = 15) | Fatal (n = 11) | Not fatal (n = 5) | P | |
| IP-10 | 5.1 (3.5–6.3) | 0.005 | 3.8 (3.4–4.6) | 0.001 | 2.7 (2.4–3.8) | 5.4 (3.5–6.3) | 4.2 (4.0–5.0) | 0.031 |
| MCP-1 | 2.4 (1.5–4.0) | 0.083 | 1.9 (und.–2.4) | 0.045 | 1.4 (und.–2.0) | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 0.015 |
| MIG | 4.3 (3.1–5.2) | 0.013 | 3.2 (2.9–3.9) | 0.002 | 2.6 (2.2–3.3) | 4.6 (3.3–5.2) | 3.3 (3.1–4.2) | 0.011 |
| IL-8 | 2.0 (0.7–3.2) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.34 | 0.7 (und.–1.0) | 2.4 (1.1–3.2) | 1.7 (0.7–1.9) | 0.020 |
| IL-10 | 1.5 (und.–2.8) | 0.002 | –1.0 (und.–0.4) | 0.85 | –1.0 (und.–1.0) | 1.6 (und.–2.8) | 0.8 (und.–2.2) | 0.6 |
| IL-6 | 2.1 (und.–3.7) | 0.001 | –0.2 (und.–0.7) | 0.30 | –1.0 (und.–1.0) | 2.2 (1.5–3.7) | 1.0 (und.–2.4) | 0.054 |
| IFN-γ | 2.0 (und.–4.2) | 0.029 | 0.1 (und.–2.4) | 0.42 | –1.0 (und.–1.4) | 2.3 (1.0–4.2) | 2.0 (und.–2.6) | 0.2 |
Levels of chemokines and cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with influenza H5N1 and H3N2 or H1N1. Levels are given as median log10 pg per ml (range).
a Plasma levels of chemokines and cytokines in H5N1 patients were all higher than in healthy controls at <0.001 significance levels.
bComparison between H5N1 and H3/H1 patients.
cComparison between H3/H1 patients and healthy controls. und., undetectable.