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. 2015 Sep 9;6:121. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00121

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Copyright © 2015 Gottfried, Bambini-Junior, Francis, Riesgo and Savino.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evidence for neuroimmune interactions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Blood and postmortem brain alterations in individuals with ASD. (1) Antibody production in blood against brain antigens. (2) Brain cell infiltration of Th1 lymphocytes, monocytes and mast cells. (3) Increase in blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. (4) Increase in IgG and IgM levels. (5) Less antioxidant defenses. (6) Changes in cytokine levels. (7) Decrease in cell adhesion molecules, such as Selectins and PCAM-1. 8. Increase in oxidative stress. All these alterations can promote neuroinflammation, followed by neuron–glial response and brain connectivity dysfunction that ultimately can influence behavioral features in ASD. GSH, glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; NO, nitric oxide; Th, T-helper; OS, oxidative stress; CCL2, C–C motif chemokine 2.