Table 1.
Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Physical Function Parameters
| Daughters (D) | Mothers (M) | Grandmothers (G) | p Value | Post hoc comparisons* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | |||
| Clinical characteristics | N = 19 | N = 17 | N = 16 | |||||
| Age (years) | 23 | (18–39) | 48 | (40–62) | 70 | (61–89) | <0.001 | D < M,G; M < G |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 | (18.7–38.7) | 28.9 | (20.9–37.5) | 28.0 | (19.1–34.2) | 0.038 | D < M |
| Body fat (%) | 35.3 | (15.5–47.8) | 42.3 | (30.8–52.3) | 44.0 | (30.3–54.2) | <0.001 | D < M,G |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 41.0 | (35.5–54.4) | 42.0 | (33.6–61.8) | 38.3 | (29.5–47.1) | 0.086 | — |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.8 | (79.5–100.5) | 95.8 | (85.0–106.5) | 97.7 | (77.5–116.5) | 0.001 | D < M,G |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 6.4 | (3.1–11.8) | 6.5 | (2.5–13.8) | 7.0 | (1.2–15.8) | 0.86 | — |
| VO2 peak (mL/kg FFM/min) | 44.2 | (33.1–55.6) | 37.9 | (27.1–49.1) | 28.6 | (21.3–35.2) | <0.001 | G < M<D |
| Resting metabolic rate, indirect cal EE (kcal/kg FFM/d)† | 41.3 | (32.1–51.1) | 40.0 | (27.9–51.0) | 38.5 | (25.7–45.3) | 0.17 | — |
| Muscle strength | N = 8 | N = 8 | N = 7 | |||||
| Leg press | 87.1 | (63.6–111.4) | 76.4 | (56.8–104.5) | 58.3 | (36.4–84.1) | 0.010 | G < D |
| Chest press | 38.6 | (29.5–43.2) | 40.8 | (33.0–56.8) | 29.5 | (15.9–36.4) | 0.002 | G < D,M |
| Arm curl | 27.6 | (19.5–36.4) | 26.5 | (17.3–33.1) | 16.3 | (3.6–26.4) | 0.001 | G < D,M |
| Activity measurements | N = 9 | N = 7 | N = 7 | |||||
| Total accelerations (acceleration units) | 4502 | (3336–5879) | 4883 | (3221–7023) | 3338 | (2599–4318) | 0.004 | G < D,M |
*Comparisons of daughter (D), mother (M), and grandmother (G) statistically significant at the p < 0.05 after Tukey adjustment.
†Resting metabolic rate was available on 17 daughters and 15 grandmothers. Muscle strength and activity measurement was available on a mutually exclusive subset of the sample.