Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls (HCs).
| Patients (n = 42) | HCs (n = 23) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.4 (6.5) | 64.3 (8.3) |
| Sex (male/female) | 31/11 | 10/13 |
| Handedness (right/left) | 34/8 | 23/0 |
| Education (years) | 16.0 (3.2) | 16.1 (3.1) |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | 25.8 (2.9)∗ | 27.5 (1.4) |
| Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) | 8.0 (4.6) ∗∗ | 3.2 (3.4) |
| Disease duration (years) | 5.9 (4.5) | - |
| Symptom-dominant side (right/left) | 26/16 | - |
| Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS) (on-medication) | 27.5 (10.1) | - |
| Rigidity | 5.1 (2.2) | - |
| Bradykinesia | 1.9 (0.6) | - |
| Resting tremor | 1.3 (1.3) | - |
| Hoehn and Yarhr | 2 (median) | - |
| Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose (LEDD) (mg/day) | 644.4 (298.5) | - |
Data are presented in mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated; ∗P < 0.01; ∗∗P < 0.001.