Table 2.
Baseline comparison between healthy control participants and the treatment groups
| Controla (n=23) |
PRE (n = 24) |
mFC (n= 24) |
Difference PRE – mFC (95% CI) |
Difference Control – PRE (95% CI) |
Difference Control – mFC (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and Clinical Characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 61.2 (7.7) | 59.0 (4.6) | 58.6 (5.6) | 0.4 (−3.1 to 3.9) | 2.1 (−1.4 to 5.2) | 2. 6 (−1.0 to 6.1) |
| Male (%) | 12 (52%) | 14 (58%) | 14 (58%) | p = 0.89f | ||
| Race: African-American (%) | 13 (54.2%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | p < 0.0001f | ||
| Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino (%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 5 (20.8%) | p = 0.20f | ||
| MMSE | 29.2 (0.8) | 29.3 (1.1) | 29.1 (1.4) | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) | −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.7) |
| mUPDRS off medicationb | 1.9 (1.5) | 34.5 (11.9) | 34.7 (11.5) | −0.2 (−5.8 to 5.4) | −32.6 (−38.2 to −27.0)c | −32.8 (−38.4 to −27.2)c |
| Off Medication | ||||||
| Comfortable Gait Velocity (m/s)b | 1.36(0.26) | 1.07(0.26) | 1.15(0.19) | −0.08 (−0.22 to 0.05) | 0.29 (0.15 to 0.43)c | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.35)c |
| Fast Gait Velocity (m/s)b | 2.19(0.38) | 1.64(0.30) | 1.71(0.28) | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.12) | 0.55 (0.36 to 0.74)c | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.67)c |
| Comfortable Stride Length (m)b | 1.42(0.18) | 1.19(0.25) | 1.23(0.21) | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.09) | 0.23 (0.10 to 0.36)c | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.32)c |
| Fast Stride Length (m)b | 1.66(0.22) | 1.46(0.20) | 1.52(0.28) | −0.05 (−0.19 to 0.09) | 0.20 (0.06 to 0.33)d | 0.15 (0.01 to 0.28)d |
| Comfortable Cadence (steps/min) | 114 (13) | 107 (10) | 113 (9) | −6 (−12 to 1) | 7 (1 to 13)e | 1 (−5 to 8) |
| Fast Cadence (steps/min)b | 159 (25) | 134 (12) | 137 (11) | −2 (−12 to 7) | 25 (15 to 35)c | 23 (13 to 33)c |
| Comfortable Double Support Time (% gait cycle)b | 25.5 (3.5) | 30.4 (6.4) | 29.1 (4.2) | 1.3 (−1.5 to 4.1) | −4.8 (−7.7 to −2.0)c | −3.6 (−6.4 to −0.7)d |
| Fast Double Support Time (% gait cycle)b | 18.7 (3.1) | 25.6 (4.4) | 23.9 (4.1) | 1.7 (−0.6 to 4.0) | −6.9 (−9.1 to −4.6)c | −5.2 (−7.5 to −2.9)c |
| Plantarflexion (Nm)b | 61.9(17.6) | 33.4(14.7) | 40.4(19.9) | −6.9 (−17.0 to 3.16) | 28.5 (18.3 to 38.7)c | 21.6 (11.4 to 31.8)c |
| Dorsiflexion (Nm) | 35.4(10.2) | 29.2(9.8) | 32.0(9.3) | −2.8 (−8.5 to 2.8) | 6.2 (0.5 to 11.9)e | 3.4 (−2.3 to 9.0) |
| On Medication | ||||||
| Comfortable Gait Velocity (m/s) | 1.36(0.26) | 1.22(0.23) | 1.32(0.18) | −0.10 (−0.23 to 0.03) | 0.13 (−0.00 to 0.26)e | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) |
| Fast Gait Velocity (m/s)b | 2.19(0.38) | 1.78(0.28) | 1.84(0.22) | −0.06 (−0.23 to 0.11) | 0.41 (0.24 to 0.59)c | 0.35 (0.18 to 0.52)c |
| Comfortable Stride Length (m) | 1.42(0.18) | 1.32(0.19) | 1.38(0.17) | −0.06 (−0.16 to 0.04) | 0.10 (0.00 to 0.21)e | 0.04 (−0.06 to 0.15) |
| Fast Stride Length (m) | 1.66(0.22) | 1.53(0.17) | 1.61(0.21) | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.04) | 0.13 (0.01 to 0.24)e | 0.05 (−0.07 to 0.16) |
| Comfortable Cadence (steps/min) | 114 (13) | 111 (10) | 116 (8) | −4 (−10 to 2) | 3 (−3 to 9) | −1 (−7 to 5) |
| Fast Cadence (steps/min)b | 159 (25) | 139 (14) | 137 (11) | 2 (−8 to 12) | 20 (10 to 30)c | 22 (12 to 32)c |
| Comfortable Double Support Time (% gait cycle) | 25.5 (3.5) | 28.3 (5.5) | 25.7 (2.6) | 1.3 (−1.0 to 3.5) | −2.6 (−4.9 to −0.4)e | −1.4 (−3.6 to 0.9) |
| Fast Double Support Time (% gait cycle)b | 18.7 (3.1) | 22.3 (6.2) | 19.5 (2.9) | 1.3 (−0.7 to 3.4) | −5.3 (−7.4 to −3.2)c | −3.9 (−6.0 to −1.8)c |
| Plantarflexion (Nm)b | 61.9(17.6) | 41.2(15.7) | 48.9(20.7) | −7.7 (−18.1 to 2.7) | 20.7 (10.2 to 31.3)c | 13.0 (2.5 to 23.6)d |
| Dorsiflexion (Nm) | 35.4(10.2) | 32.4(9.9) | 33.2(9.4) | −0.8 (−6.5 to 4.9) | 3.0 (−2.8 to 8.7) | 2.1 (−3.6 to 7.9) |
Group data are presented as mean (standard deviation). There were no between-group differences between PRE and mFC at baseline.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; mFC, modified Fitness Counts; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; mUPDRS, motor subsection of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PRE, Progressive Resistance Exercise; yrs, years.
The same control data were used for comparisons on and off medication, at baseline and at 24 months.
p-value from ANOVA F-test p < 0.05.
p ≤ 0.001 pairwise contrast comparison.
p < 0.05 pairwise contrast comparison.
Although confidence intervals for between-group differences suggest otherwise, the ANOVA F-test was non-significant (p > 0.06).
p-value for Fisher Exact test for binary variables between all three groups. No between group CIs were estimated.