Table 2.
Repeated measures analyses of sleep and mood characteristics
| Characteristic | Healthy controlsa | Week 1 (prepartum) | Week 2 (postpartum week 2) | Week 3 (postpartum week 6) | Week 4 (postpartum week 10) | Week 5 (postpartum week 14) | F | p value (ANOV)A | Post hoc tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Measures (actigraphic) | |||||||||
| Total sleep time (min) | 366.8±100.3 | 480.9±60.3 | 492.3±73.6 | 489.1±73.6 | 460.7±79.9 | 462.5±57.4 | 1.9 | 0.113 | – |
| Percent sleep | – | 73.3±15.0 | 45.5±9.3 | 51.5±9.5 | 64.5±12.3 | 67.2±15.9 | 29.5 | <0.001 | W1>WK2, WK3; <0.001 WK2<WK4, WK5; p<0.001 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 86.6±6.9 | 69.9±15.1 | 41.9±9.2 | 48.5±11.1 | 61.0±10.8 | 64.2±15.0 | 30.5 | <0.001 | WK1>WK2, WK3; p<0.001 WK2<WK4, WK5; p<0.001 WK1<WK2, WK3; p<0.003 |
| Fragmentation | – | 32.7±10.6 | 50.4±11.1 | 42.3±11.8 | 33.5±10.7 | 32.8±12.2 | 22 | <0.001 | WK2>WK3; p=0.014 WK2>WK4, WK5; p<0.001 |
| WASO (min) | 48.0±29.8 | 129.2±69.0 | 273.5±60.1 | 241.5±57.6 | 170.4±67.1 | 156.1±79.2 | 26.2 | <0.001 | WK<WK2, WK3; p<0.001 WK>WK4, WK5; p<0.001 |
| Sleep scale | |||||||||
| GSDS | – | 47.3±14.5 | 65.4±15.4 | 56.9±16.6 | 48.3±15.6 | 45.5±15.8 | 34.2 | <0.001 | WK<WK2; p<0.001 WK>WK3; p<0.015 WK>WK4, WK5; p<0.001 WK>WK4, WK5; p=0.019 |
| Depression scales | |||||||||
| EPDS | – | 5.7±4.2 | 6.4±3.2 | 4.6±3.5 | 3.5±3.0 | 3.6±2.7 | 7.7 | <0.001 | WK1>WK4; p=0.01 WK2>WK4; p<0.001 WK2>WK5; p=0.002 |
| CES-D | – | 7.8±8.6 | 9.4±6.1 | 7.0±5.9 | 7.0±8.7 | 5.2±5.3 | 2.9 | 0.048 | WK>WK5; p=0.03 |
GSDS General Sleep Disturbance Scale, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, WASO wake after sleep onset, WK1 week 1, WK2 week 2, WK3 week 3, WK4 week 4, WK5 week 5
a
Control data (healthy, non-pregnant women without insomnia or depression; mean age, 37 years) using Respironics Actiwatch-64 (Wright et al. 2007)