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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2016 Nov 7;12(1):89–103. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1253676

Table 4.

Stem cell source EC Culture type Study objective BBB Integrity Ref
TEER (Ω.cm2) * Pe (x 10−3 cm/sec)
IMR90-c4 hiPSC cell line Monoculture or co-culture (priming) with human brain pericytes and NPC-derived neuron/astrocyte mixtures; Static;
Retinoic acid as inductive factor		 Development of a fully humanized in vitro BBB (neurovascular unit) model and enrichment by retinoic acid 5160 Sucrose, <0.006 [110, 120]
Monoculture or co-culture with rat astrocytes; Static; Development of a robust human BBB model and role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in BBB development 1450 Sucrose, 0.034
Inulin, 0.03		 [121]
Monoculture; Static;
Retinoic acid as inductive factor		 Anticancer drug permeability >1500 Sucrose, 0.13 [124]
Variable effects of ECM and culture medium on stem cell differentiation efficiency ~1400 NaF, 0.04 [123]
Co-cultured with rat astrocytes; flow-based;
Retinoic acid as inductive factor		 Development of BBB-on-a Chip microfluidic model with minimal shear stress for in vitro drug permeability screen >4300 Dextran (4–70kDa), 0.0001–0.001 [122]
H9 hESC cell line
DF19-9-11T hiPSC cell line;
DF6-9-9T hiPSC cell line		 Monoculture or co-culture with rat astrocytes; Static BMEC differentiation efficiency of various pluripotent stem cells to model human BBB >700 n.a [121]
Monoculture or co-culture with human brain pericytes and neuron/astrocyte; Static;
Retinoic acid as inductive factor		 Development of a fully humanized in vitro BBB (neurovascular unit) model and enrichment by retinoic acid 4740a
1680b 		n.a. [120]
Embryonic rat/human neural progenitor cells (NPC) NPC derived neurons + astrocytes mixture co-culture with rat BMECs; Static Optimization of NPC differentiation to induce in vivo like BBB phenotype in rat BMECs ~250 n.a. [10]
Co-culture with rat astrocytes or embryonic NPCs; Static To understand the embryonic BBB development and BBB-inductive capacity of NPCs including BMEC and NPC cross-talk 110 NaF, 0.33
CD34+ human umbilical cord blood (hematopoietic) cells Co-culture with human brain pericytes; Static;
VEGF as stimulant		 Breast cancer cells and BMEC interactions in brain metastases n.a. LY, 0.53–0.75 [113]
[114]
Development and predictive validity of a functional in vitro human BBB model and the role of Wnt signaling in BBB induction 180 LY, 0.61 [112]
Human cord blood endothelial progenitor cells Co-cultured with rat astrocytes; Static Differentiation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to BBB phenotype and comparison with hCMEC/D3 n.a. LY, 1.25 [111]
*

After optimization of several culture conditions including co-cultures, serum%, seeding density, differentiation days and medium, supplementation of enhancer

a

DF-19-9-11T hiPSC cell line;

b

H9 hECS cell line;