| 4E-BP1 | eIF4E-binding protein1 |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| CR | Calorie restriction |
| eNOS | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| FOXOs | Forkhead box O |
| GLUT-4 | Glucose transporter type 4 |
| HSC | Hematopoietic stem cell |
| I/R | Ischemia/reperfusion |
| IGF-1 | Insulin growth factor type 1 |
| KO | Knockout |
| MEF2 | Myocyte enhancer factor-2 |
| Mn-SOD | Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase |
| mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
| MYOD | Myogenic differentiation factor |
| NAMPT | Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| PDK | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase |
| PEPCK1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 |
| PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
| PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| S6K1 | P70S6 kinase 1 |
| SIRT | Sirtuin |
| SREBP-1C | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 |
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