Table 4.
Cell cycle subversion by protein redistribution.
| Virus/Genome | Viral protein | Host protein | Functional consequence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-1/RNA plus | Vpr | 14-3-3σ scaffolding protein, MAPKAP kinase-2 | Sequestration of Cdc25C in cytoplasm, G2/M arrest | Kino et al., 2005; Bolton et al., 2008; Huard et al., 2008 |
| HIV-1/RNA plus | Vif | CDK1, cyclin B1 | Cytoplasmic retention, G2/M arrest | Sakai et al., 2011 |
| HHV-6-HHV8/dsDNA | E2F1 | Accumulation in cytoplasm, reduction of E2F1-Rb complexes and cell cycle arrest | Mlechkovich and Frenkel, 2007; Sharon et al., 2014 | |
| Influenza A/RNA minus | M2 | Cyclin D3 | Redistribution of cyclin D3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 | Fan et al., 2017 |
| HCMV/dsDNA | CDK2 | Nuclear translocation, mitogenic | Bresnahan et al., 1997 | |
| HCMV/dsDNA | NS5A | p53 | Reduced nuclear translocation, ant-apoptotic | Kovacs et al., 1996; Fortunato and Spector, 1998; Majumder et al., 2001 |
| Parvovirus B19/ssDNA | NS1 | E2F4-8 repressive transcription factors | Nuclear import and G2 arrest | Wan et al., 2010 |
| Epstein-Barr/dsDNA | LMP1 | Survivin, p53 | Increased nuclear localization | Guo et al., 2012 |
| Avian Reovirus/dsRNA | P17 | CDK1 | Cytoplasmic retention | Chiu et al., 2018 |