Table 1.
Therapeutic strategies that inhibit acute cell death and depletion
| Substance |
Intervention/
administration route |
Function |
Pre-clinical results/
clinical use |
References |
| Pifithrin-α pifithrin-μ | Prophylaxis/protection Oral application of drugs |
Inhibition of p53-induced apoptosis | Radioprophylaxis/protection in mice after total body irradiation | 10, 11 |
| KGF-1 (palifermin), KGF-2 (repifermin), FGF-20 (velafermin) | Prophylaxis/protection Oral application of recombinant proteins |
Suppression of apoptosis | Reduced mucositis by KGF-1 in patients after whole body irradiation, failure of KGF-2 and FGF-20 in clinical studies | 10 |
| Synthetic triterpenoids (bardoxolone methyl (BARD) and 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9 (11)-dien-28-oic acid-ethylamide) | Prophylaxis/protection Oral application |
Reduced apoptosis by activation of transcription factor NRF2 | Radioprophylaxis/protection in mice after total body irradiation | 10, 12 |
| PUMA inhibitors | Prophylaxis/protection Lentiviral vector |
Suppression of apoptosis by inhibition of PUMA | Radioprophylaxis/protection in vitro in germ cell tumor line NCCIT, murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3, and human lymphoblast cell line TK6 | 10, 13 |
| Recombinant MDR1 | Prophylaxis/Protection Lentiviral vector |
Suppression of apoptosis | Radioprophylaxis/protection in vitro in human hematopoietic stem cells | 10, 14 |
| CBLB502/entolimod | Prophylaxis/protection Oral application |
Reduced apoptosis by activation of transcription factor NF-κB | Radioprophylaxis/protection in mice and rhesus macaques; clinical study terminated by financial sponsor | 10 |
| GLP-2 | Prophylaxis/protection | Trophic factor | RIF gut in rats | 15 |
FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; MDR, multiple drug resistance; NRF, nuclearre spiratory factor; PUMA, p-53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis; RIF, radiation-induced fibrosis.