Table 3.
Therapeutic strategies that prevent and mitigate normal tissue injury by modulation of inflammatory and fibrogenic signals
| Substance | Intervention/ administration route | Mechanisms | Pre-clinical results/clinical use | References |
| Ambroxol | Prophylaxis/protection | TNF-α and TGF-β1 inhibition | Clinical trial | 85 |
| Taurine | Prophylaxis/protection | TGF-β1 and collagen inhibition | RIF lung in mice | 86, 87 |
| IL-11 (targeted administration) | Prophylaxis/protection | TGF-β1 and collagen inhibition | RIF gut in mice | 88 |
| Hirudine | Prophylaxis/protection | Thrombine inhibition | RIF gut in rats | 89 |
| Halofunginone | Prophylaxis/protection | TGF-β1 inhibition | RIF skin in mice | 90 |
| Octreotide | Prophylaxis/protection | Somatostatin analogue | RIF gut in rats | 91 |
| Soluble TGF-β type II receptor | Prophylaxis/protection | TGF-β1 inhibition | RIF gut in mice | 92 |
| ACE inhibitors angiotensin II blockers | Prophylaxis/protection and mitigation | Angiotensin II modulator and inhibition of TGF-β | Clinical trial | 93 |
| Methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, ibuprofen) | Prophylaxis/protection and mitigation | Anti-inflammatory | RIF kidney and heart in rats and rabbits |
94–96
|
| Gefinitinib | Mitigation | EGFR inhibition-TKi | RIF lung in rats nhances inflammation but decreases fibrosis |
97 |
| LY2109761 | Mitigation | TGF-βR1 inhibition- S/TKi | RIF lung in mice Reduces inflammation and fibrosis |
98 |
| Chitosan/DsiRNA targeting TNF-α | Mitigation | TNF-α inhibition | RIF subcutaneous in mice | 99 |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; EGFR, epidermal growth factor; RIF, radiation-induced fibrosis; TGF, transforming growth factor;TKi, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.