. 2019 Aug 8;8(8):1191. doi: 10.3390/jcm8081191

Table 3.

Incidence and risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and non-inflammatory bowel disease controls according to medication.

	Total No.	PD Cases	Person-Years (y)	PD Incidence (/100,000 Person-Years)	Model 1 * HR (95% CI)	P Value	Model 2 ^† HR (95% CI)	P Value
CD
Corticosteroids						0.006		<0.001
No	5214	11	26,582	41	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	7417	4	34,834	11	0.19 (0.06–0.63)		0.08 (0.02–0.33)
Immunomodulators						0.193		0.227
No	5623	13	27,465	47	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	7008	2	33,951	6	0.35 (0.07–1.67)		0.38 (0.08–1.83)
Anti-TNF						-		-
No	10,966	15	53,347	28	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	1665	0	8069	0	-		-
UC
Corticosteroids						0.386		0.213
No	11,326	35	56,378	62	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	14,904	42	71,621	59	0.82 (0.52–1.29)		0.75 (0.47–1.18)
Immunomodulators						0.541		0.521
No	22,833	71	111,139	64	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	3397	6	16,860	36	0.77 (0.33–1.78)		0.76 (0.33–1.76)
Anti-TNF						-		-
No	25,785	77	126,117	61	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	445	0	1881	0	-		-
Non-IBD controls
Corticosteroids						0.353		0.585
No	79,133	73	388,691	19	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	37,450	61	180,669	34	1.18 (0.83–1.66)		1.10 (0.78–1.57)
Immunomodulators						0.108		0.116
No	116,210	132	567,574	23	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	373	2	1786	112	3.16 (0.78–12.84)		3.08 (0.76–12.52)
Anti-TNF								-
No	116,555	134	569,235	24	1 (Ref.)		1 (Ref.)
Yes	28	0	125	0	-		-

CI, confidence interval; CD, Crohn’s disease; HR, hazard ratio; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; No, number; PD, Parkinson’s disease; Ref., reference; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; UC, ulcerative colitis. * Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, place of residence, income level, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. ^† Model 2: adjusted for model 1 + health care visits.