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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 27.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2018 Oct 30;84(5):683–693. doi: 10.1002/ana.25341

Table 3.

β-adrenoreceptor Antagonists and Primidone Dosea in Relation to Parkinson Disease, among Part D Beneficiaries Using the Medication, Overall and Restricted to Beneficiaries with Tremor

All Medication Users
 Medication Users with Tremor
Dose (mg/day)a % Cases % Controls OR (95% CI)b % Cases % Controls OR (95% CI)b
Propranolol n=2115 n=705 n=1632 n=208
 <40 25.8 21.7 1.0 (Reference) 24.9 21.2 1.0 (Reference)
 40 – <80 34.5 31.9 0.94 (0.74–1.20) 35.2 31.3 0.98 (0.65–1.48)
 ≥80 39.7 46.4 0.79 (0.63–0.99) 39.9 47.6 0.74 (0.51–1.09)
 p for trendb,c p=0.67 p=0.42
Carvedilol n=3335 n=3197 n=936 n=148
 <12.5 29.0 24.5 1.0 (Reference) 28.2 26.4 1.0 (Reference)
 12.5 – <25 32.1 29.5 0.94 (0.82–1.08) 33.2 29.1 1.06 (0.66–1.69)
 ≥25 38.9 46.0 0.76 (0.67–0.86) 38.6 44.6 0.74 (0.48–1.14)
 p for trendb,c p<0.001 p=0.12
Metoprolol n=12,724 n=11,849 n=4091 n=624
 <50 26.9 22.8 1.0 (Reference) 26.3 26.8 1.0 (Reference)
 50 37.5 37.9 0.89 (0.83–0.96) 38.7 38.5 1.04 (0.84–1.29)
 >50 35.6 39.3 0.84 (0.79–0.90) 35.0 34.8 1.04 (0.83–1.29)
 p for trendb,c p<0.001 p=0.86
Primidone n=1869 n=203 n=1730 n=166
 <75 33.9 29.6 1.0 (Reference) 33.0 31.9 1.0 (Reference)
 75 – <150 27.4 23.2 1.03 (0.69–1.53) 27.6 23.5 1.14 (0.74–1.75)
 ≥150 38.7 47.3 0.72 (0.51–1.01) 39.4 44.6 0.86 (0.59–1.25)
 p for trendb,c p=0.005 p=0.34
a

Median daily dose (mg/day) categorized by approximate tertiles among users.

b

Adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, oxygen, nicotine/varenicline, and use of care as in Table 1.

c

Based on dose as a continuous measure.

Abbreviations as in Table 1