Table 5.
Disability-adjusted life-years (in thousands) attributable to risk factors or risk factor clusters in China
|
DALYs (thousands) in male individuals |
DALYs (thousands) in female individuals |
DALYs (thousands) in both sexes |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2010 | 1990 | 2010 | 1990 | 2010 | ||
| Unimproved water and sanitation | 976 (35–1911) | 139 (5–359) | 886 (32–1686) | 118 (4–303) | 1861 (67–3486) | 257 (9–663) | |
| Unimproved water source | 395 (15–957) | 53 (2–171) | 359 (14–864) | 44 (1–147) | 754 (29–1792) | 97 (3–319) | |
| Unimproved sanitation | 671 (17–1358) | 92 (2–263) | 609 (17–1199) | 78 (2–219) | 1279 (34–2525) | 170 (4–479) | |
| Air pollution | |||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 13 452 (11 054–15 846) | 16 068 (13 612–18 419) | 10 806 (8840–13 055) | 9160 (7767–10 570) | 24 258 (20 317–28 401) | 25 227 (21 771–28 595) | |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 21 923 (16 783–26 583) | 12 382 (8705–16 206) | 20 844 (17 619–23 989) | 8910 (6644–11 222) | 42 767 (35 924–48 879) | 21 292 (15 869–26 661) | |
| Ambient ozone pollution | 490 (150–920) | 400 (135–737) | 430 (134–802) | 250 (81–444) | 920 (284–1712) | 651 (220–1175) | |
| Other environmental risks | 437 (271–667) | 1930 (1131–3085) | 456 (251–657) | 1105 (679–1648) | 893 (608–1216) | 3035 (1943–4573) | |
| Residential radon | .. | 540 (52–1522) | .. | 222 (22–650) | .. | 762 (75–2092) | |
| Lead exposure | 437 (271–667) | 1389 (811–2134) | 456 (251–657) | 883 (538–1292) | 893 (608–1216) | 2273 (1550–3154) | |
| Child and maternal undernutrition | 10 206 (6303–14 355) | 1859 (1269–2612) | 10 530 (7376–14 390) | 2406 (1708–3297) | 20 736 (13 935–27 847) | 4264 (3066–5835) | |
| Suboptimal breastfeeding | 6067 (2456–9863) | 731 (279–1301) | 5045 (2064–8341) | 521 (198–883) | 11 113 (4498–17 488) | 1252 (488–2052) | |
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 5656 (2098–9424) | 641 (186–1197) | 4661 (1785–7975) | 443 (120–789) | 10 317 (3924–16 607) | 1085 (307–1881) | |
| Discontinued breastfeeding | 411 (43–934) | 89 (9–198) | 384 (36–857) | 78 (8–166) | 795 (82–1701) | 167 (17–366) | |
| Childhood underweight | 3495 (2229–5095) | 169 (106–243) | 3005 (1967–4351) | 126 (74–188) | 6500 (4307–9377) | 295 (194–426) | |
| Iron deficiency | 1254 (848–1817) | 901 (603–1297) | 2950 (2013–4287) | 1709 (1084–2565) | 4204 (2869–6062) | 2609 (1712–3861) | |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 336 (113–769) | 27 (12–47) | 305 (102–642) | 23 (10–41) | 641 (255–1259) | 49 (23–85) | |
| Zinc deficiency | 734 (120–1703) | 93 (32–184) | 668 (137–1442) | 76 (30–140) | 1402 (271–2935) | 169 (64–322) | |
| Tobacco smoking | 17 871 (13 586–23 735) | 22 710 (17 091–28 270) | 10 451 (7269–15 690) | 7295 (4467–9735) | 28 322 (22 504–35 727) | 30 005 (23 431–35 918) | |
| Tobacco smoking, excluding second-hand smoke | 13 956 (9733–19 432) | 21 193 (15 459–26 815) | 6228 (3208–11 636) | 5061 (2197–7504) | 20 184 (14 644–28 362) | 26 254 (19 643–32 224) | |
| Second-hand smoke | 3916 (2649–5219) | 1517 (1068–1967) | 4222 (3122–5373) | 2234 (1562–2979) | 8138 (6067–10 360) | 3751 (2665–4873) | |
| Alcohol and drug use | 11 659 (9477–14 051) | 13 438 (10 801–16 389) | 3681 (2558–4892) | 3183 (2223–4358) | 15 340 (12 458–18 572) | 16 621 (13 436–20 283) | |
| Alcohol use | 10 232 (8216–12 384) | 11 617 (9192–14 277) | 2791 (1811–3917) | 2163 (1247–3104) | 13 023 (10 502–15 741) | 13 780 (10 890–16 881) | |
| Drug use | 1459 (905–2141) | 1841 (1198–2784) | 902 (564–1338) | 1024 (660–1573) | 2360 (1615–3263) | 2865 (1985–4021) | |
| Physiological risks | |||||||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 5143 (3695–6681) | 9199 (6530–12 137) | 4534 (3410–5837) | 6903 (5247–8653) | 9677 (7570–11 979) | 16 103 (12 903–19 824) | |
| High total cholesterol | 1109 (576–1785) | 3356 (1496–5266) | 1128 (661–1718) | 2555 (1256–3873) | 2237 (1437–3265) | 5912 (3603–8473) | |
| High blood pressure | 13 553 (11 374–16 218) | 23 326 (19 489–27 142) | 12 488 (10 500–15 025) | 14 614 (12 167–16 954) | 26 041 (22 752–30 040) | 37 940 (33 309–42 707) | |
| High body-mass index | 2323 (1349–3368) | 6852 (4719–9263) | 2480 (1547–3527) | 5404 (3570–7315) | 4803 (2984–6833) | 12 256 (8625–16 166) | |
| Low bone mineral density | 437 (338–567) | 761 (553–957) | 350 (268–446) | 474 (363–611) | 787 (642–965) | 1234 (973–1523) | |
| Dietary risks | 21 170 (18 259–24 481) | 32 913 (28 434–36 538) | 16 113 (13 900–19 320) | 18 787 (16 314–20 922) | 37 283 (32 882–42 124) | 51 700 (46 070–56 650) | |
| Diet low in fruits | 12 401 (9336–15 668) | 19 203 (14 551–23 129) | 9136 (6809–11 954) | 10 275 (7812–12 510) | 21 537 (16 764–26 123) | 29 478 (23 464–34 689) | |
| Diet low in vegetables | 2709 (1274–4411) | 3734 (1901–5848) | 1692 (719–2947) | 1529 (682–2550) | 4401 (2115–6869) | 5263 (2678–8079) | |
| Diet low in whole grains | 3951 (3070–4998) | 6591 (5157–8019) | 3216 (2490–4123) | 3989 (3126–4851) | 7167 (5633–8853) | 10 580 (8394–12 742) | |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 2508 (1619–3540) | 4907 (3093–6366) | 1971 (1252–2911) | 2745 (1704–3648) | 4479 (2906–6150) | 7652 (4971–9943) | |
| Diet low in milk | 241 (74–404) | 350 (105–606) | 192 (59–324) | 263 (71–461) | 433 (132–718) | 613 (176–1055) | |
| Diet high in red meat | 150 (71–247) | 297 (132–484) | 118 (53–197) | 225 (96–376) | 268 (126–439) | 522 (237–855) | |
| Diet high in processed meat | 289 (106–501) | 517 (184–883) | 264 (102–450) | 386 (162–617) | 553 (224–916) | 903 (356–1444) | |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 605 (22–1487) | 186 (24–1236) | 376 (17–1258) | 192 (20–1040) | 981 (46–2549) | 378 (47–1820) | |
| Diet low in fibre | 1472 (727–2256) | 2762 (1307–4167) | 1111 (535–1689) | 1532 (732–2315) | 2582 (1261–3910) | 4294 (2036–6510) | |
| Diet low in calcium | 332 (244–413) | 470 (347–675) | 258 (173–335) | 344 (242–482) | 590 (438–732) | 814 (603–1118) | |
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 1222 (862–1759) | 2456 (1692–3134) | 941 (665–1436) | 1288 (868–1679) | 2163 (1522–3042) | 3745 (2633–4789) | |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 492 (232–778) | 751 (331–1179) | 368 (166–610) | 398 (190–638) | 860 (405–1332) | 1150 (516–1806) | |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids | 239 (159–342) | 595 (378–814) | 190 (124–284) | 339 (221–465) | 430 (301–594) | 934 (632–1252) | |
| Diet high in sodium | 6978 (4571–9388) | 10 897 (7367–14 469) | 5142 (3311–7122) | 5934 (3838–7956) | 12 120 (7899–15 991) | 16 831 (11 210–21 998) | |
| Physical inactivity and low physical activity | .. | 6341 (5091–7744) | .. | 5098 (4212–6050) | .. | 11 439 (9492–13 679) | |
| Occupational risks | 9750 (7143–12 888) | 8775 (6511–11 597) | 3732 (2599–5023) | 3620 (2479–4987) | 13 482 (10 005–17 268) | 12 395 (9234–16 106) | |
| Occupational carcinogens | 396 (241–659) | 803 (420–1220) | 174 (102–300) | 286 (152–450) | 570 (354–907) | 1089 (626–1627) | |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | 1 (0–10) | 1 (0–11) | 10 (0–29) | 6 (0–25) | 11 (0–31) | 7 (0–28) | |
| Occupational exposure to arsenic | 13 (5–26) | 26 (9–48) | 8 (3–17) | 13 (5–24) | 22 (8–42) | 38 (15–70) | |
| Occupational exposure to benzene | 8 (3–15) | 14 (6–25) | 9 (3–18) | 13 (4–26) | 17 (7–31) | 27 (11–50) | |
| Occupational exposure to beryllium | 1 (0–1) | 2 (1–3) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–4) | |
| Occupational exposure to cadmium | 2 (1–4) | 6 (2–9) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–6) | 8 (4–13) | |
| Occupational exposure to chromium | 7 (4–12) | 18 (9–27) | 5 (3–9) | 10 (5–15) | 12 (7–19) | 28 (17–41) | |
| Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust | 121 (69–206) | 235 (115–362) | 32 (18–58) | 49 (24–77) | 153 (89–248) | 284 (150–428) | |
| Occupational exposure to second-hand smoke | 98 (68–157) | 190 (108–259) | 55 (37–95) | 97 (51–138) | 153 (110–227) | 287 (191–382) | |
| Occupational exposure to formaldehyde | 5 (2–11) | 9 (3–18) | 4 (2–8) | 5 (2–10) | 10 (4–18) | 14 (6–27) | |
| Occupational exposure to nickel | 38 (10–84) | 88 (22–183) | 25 (6–55) | 48 (13–101) | 63 (17–136) | 136 (36–279) | |
| Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 16 (8–30) | 41 (18–67) | 8 (4–15) | 16 (7–28) | 24 (11–42) | 57 (27–94) | |
| Occupational exposure to silica | 92 (62–151) | 196 (109–275) | 21 (14–37) | 34 (18–50) | 113 (78–177) | 231 (138–319) | |
| Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid | 8 (2–20) | 12 (3–30) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 8 (2–21) | 13 (4–31) | |
| Occupational asthmagens | 111 (46–188) | 82 (45–128) | 70 (25–130) | 54 (26–93) | 181 (100–285) | 137 (83–208) | |
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | 2470 (1172–3735) | 1578 (759–2405) | 1041 (487–1640) | 503 (227–848) | 3511 (1679–5286) | 2080 (966–3203) | |
| Occupational noise | 472 (263–767) | 488 (280–804) | 252 (138–421) | 247 (141–415) | 725 (410–1164) | 735 (428–1216) | |
| Occupational risk factors for injuries | 3516 (1938–6185) | 2538 (1435–4599) | 253 (94–549) | 145 (39–327) | 3769 (2135–6505) | 2682 (1562–4745) | |
| Occupational low back pain | 2786 (1707–4148) | 3286 (2016–4876) | 1941 (1115–3057) | 2386 (1414–3643) | 4727 (3007–6897) | 5672 (3615–8227) | |
| Sexual abuse and violence | .. | 422 (285–610) | .. | 2835 (1800–4146) | .. | 3258 (2175–4620) | |
| Childhood sexual abuse | .. | 422 (285–610) | .. | 463 (303–672) | .. | 885 (617–1232) | |
| Intimate partner violence | .. | .. | .. | 2485 (1479–3768) | .. | 2485 (1479–3768) | |
0 suggests no deaths or DALYs were attributable to risk factors or risk factor clusters. ..=attributable deaths or DALYs not quantified.