. 2020 May 22;27(9):1764–1773. doi: 10.1111/ene.14277

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics and pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and SARS‐CoV‐2 in humans

	SARS‐CoV	MERS‐CoV	SARS‐CoV‐2
Systemic manifestations	Mild to severe Fever and lower respiratory illness ICU care required in ∼30% patients ARDS in ∼20% patients Gastrointestinal infection	Mild to severe clinical signs Fever and lower respiratory illness and acute renal failure ICU care required in ∼43% patients ARDS in ∼3% patients Gastrointestinal infection	Mild to severe clinical signs Fever and lower respiratory illness ICU care required in ∼10% patients ARDS in ∼5% patients Gastrointestinal infection
Pulmonary pathology	Consistent with pneumonia and acute lung injury	Samples not available for investigation	Consistent with pneumonia and acute lung injury
Human ligand	Protein S1 binds to ACE2 protein of the host cell surface	DPP4 (also known as CD26)	Protein S1 binds to ACE2 protein (10‐ to 20‐fold higher affinity compared with SARS‐CoV)
Neurological manifestations	Sporadic case reports	Sporadic case reports	34% of hospitalized patients and sporadic case reports
CNS involvement	Human neurons are infectible [53] and ACE2 neuronal expression has been identified in human CNS [54]	Capable of infecting human neuronal cells in in‐vitro cell lines [55]. DDP4 has a low expression in the brain [56]	–
Neuropathology	SARS genome sequences detected in the brain in autopsies; also, edema and scattered red degeneration of neurons [17]	Samples not available for investigation	–
Mortality	9.6%	34.4%	5.3% ^a

ACE2, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CNS, central nervous system; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; ICU, intensive care unit.

See Ref. [17, 53, 54, 55, 56].

^{^a}

As of 3 April 2020.