Table 3.
Incidence Rate Ratios and Hazard Ratios for 28-Day All-Cause Mortality in Statin Group versus Non-statin Group and Statin+ACEi/ARB versus Statin+nonACEi/ARB
| Unmatched |
Matched |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Incidence |
Cox Model Time-Varying Exposure |
Marginal Structural Model |
Crude Incidence after PSM |
Mixed Cox Model |
||||||||
| IR | IRR (95%CI) | p Valuec | aHR (95%CI) | p Value | aHR (95%CI) | p Value | IR | IRR (95%CI) | p Valuec | aHR (95%CI) | p Value | |
| Statin versus non-statina | 0.21 versus 0.27 | 0.78 (0.61–0.996) | 0.046 | 0.63 (0.48–0.84)d | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.54–0.97)f | 0.032 | 0.20 versus 0.37 | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.43–0.80)h | 0.001 |
| Statin+ACEi/ARB versus statin+nonACEi/ARBb | 0.16 versus 0.26 | 0.62 (0.34–1.14) | 0.119 | 0.48 (0.21–1.07)e | 0.074 | 1.20 (0.63–2.24)g | 0.587 | 0.13 versus 0.38 | 0.34 (0.14–0.81) | 0.010 | 0.32 (0.12–0.82)i | 0.018 |
IR (100-person-day), incidence rate; IRR, incidence rate ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
There were 1,219 and 12,762 participants in unmatched statin and non-statin groups, respectively. After PSM with a 1:4 ratio, there were 861 and 3,444 participants in the matched statin and non-statin groups, respectively.
There were 319 and 603 participants in unmatched statin+ACEi/ARB and statin+nonACEi/ARB groups, respectively. After PSM with a 1:1 ratio, there were 204 and 204 participants in the matched statin+ACEi/ARB and statin+nonACEi/ARB groups, respectively.
p values were calculated by R package “fmsb”; the significant probability of the result of null-hypothesis testing.
Adjusted for age, gender, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), pre-existing comorbidities (DM, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease), indicators of disease severity and organ injuries (lesions in chest CT, neutrophil count increase, procalcitonin increase, D-dimer increase, ALT increase, AST increase, creatinine increase, and SpO2), LDL-c increase, TC increase, medications at admission, using invasive mechanical ventilation support, and days from symptom onset to hospitalization.
Adjusted for age, gender, blood pressure (SBP), pre-existing comorbidities (COPD and DM), medications at admission, using invasive mechanical ventilation support covariates, and the number of antihypertensive drugs, with statin and ACEi/ARB therapy as time-varying exposures.
CURB-65 pneumonia severity score, serum ALT levels, and CK levels were considered as time-varying confounders. Additionally, the adjustment factors included age, gender, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), pre-existing comorbidities (DM, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease), indicators of disease severity and organ injuries (lesions in chest CT, neutrophil count increase, procalcitonin increase, D-dimer increase, AST increase, creatinine increase, and SpO2), LDL-c increase, TC increase, medications at admission, using invasive mechanical ventilation support, and days from symptom onset to hospitalization.
CURB-65 pneumonia severity score, serum ALT levels, and creatinine levels were considered as time-varying confounders. Additionally, the adjustment factors included age, gender, pre-existing COPD and DM, medication at admission, use of mechanical ventilation, and the number of antihypertensive drugs.
aHR was calculated based on mixed-effect Cox model with adjustment of age, gender, and SpO2 at admission.
aHR was calculated based on mixed-effect Cox model with adjustment of age, gender, coronary heart disease, CRP increase, D-dimer increase, and LDL-c increase at admission.