Table 2.
Recent studies of the preparation of vascular scaffolds utilizing commonly used integrated technologies (integrated technology of casting and 3D printing, integrated technology of electrospinning and 3D printing, integrated technology of Lego-like construction and 3D printing) for formation of new blood vessel tissues
| Integrated technologies | Print materials | Classification of print materials | Materials involved in processes excluding 3D printing | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomaterial inks or bioinks excluding cells | Component concentration | Materials | Component concentration | |||
| Casting and extrusion | Biomaterial inks (carbopol gel) | 0.7% w/v carbopol | Synthetic material | Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) | PDMS mixed with its curing agent at a 10:1 ratio | [48] |
| Casting and inkjet and FDM | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone particle) | Polycaprolactone particle with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol | Synthetic material | GelMA + gelatin | 10% w/v GelMA + gelatin of a certain concentration | [136] |
| Casting and inkjet | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone) | Polycaprolactone with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol | Synthetic material | GelMA | 10% w/v GelMA | [99] |
| Casting and extrusion and stereolithography (SLA) | Biomaterial inks (gelatin for extrusion + E-Shell 300 clear resin for SLA) | 15% w/w gelatin + E-Shell 300 clear resin with a certain concentration | Natural material (gelatin); synthetic material (E-Shell 300 clear resin) | Extracellular matrix | Extracellular matrix with a certain composition and concentration | [137] |
| Electrospinning and extrusion | Biomaterial inks (Polylactic acid) and bioinks excluding cells (alginate + gelatin) | Polylactic acid with the diameter of 1.75 mm; 2% w/v alginate (w/v) + 6% w/v gelatin | Synthetic material (Polylactic acid); compositive material (alginate + gelatin) | Polycaprolactone | Polycaprolactone with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol | [49] |
| Electrospinning and extrusion | Biomaterial inks (polyvinyl alcohol + collagen) | 20% wt. polyvinyl alcohol + 4% wt. collagen | Compositive material | Alginate + polyethylene oxide | 2% wt. alginate and 3% wt. polyethylene oxide | [142] |
| Electrospinning and inkjet | Biomaterial inks (hydroxyapatite) | 6% wt. hydroxyapatite | Synthetic material | Polycaprolactone | 17% w/v polycaprolactone | [144] |
| Electrospinning and inkjet | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone) | 6% w/v polycaprolactone | Synthetic material | Polycaprolactone + polyethylene glycol | 6% w/v polycaprolactone + 10% w/v polyethylene glycol | [143] |
| Electrospinning and inkjet | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone) | 15% wt. polycaprolactone | Synthetic material | Polycaprolactone | 25% wt. polycaprolactone | [62] |
| Electrospinning and stereolithography (SLA) | Biomaterial inks (polyethylene glycol + polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate) | 40% wt. polyethylene glycol + 60% wt. polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate | Synthetic material | Polycaprolactone + gelatin | 15% w/v polycaprolactone + 20% w/v gelatin | [145] |
| Lego-like construction and extrusion and FDM and casting | Bioinks excluding cells (alginate hydrogel for extrusion); biomaterial inks (maltitol for FDM) | 3% w/v sodium alginate; fused maltitol | Natural material (sodium alginate); synthetic material (maltitol) | PDMS | PDMS prepared by mixing the base and curing agents at 10:1 (w/w) ratio | [151] |
| Lego-like construction and stereolithography (DLP) | Biomaterial inks (GelMA + ceramic) | 7-9% w/v GelMA + ceramic with high density (97%) | Compositive material | N/A | N/A | [149] |
| Lego-like construction and stereolithography (DLP) and casting | Biomaterial inks (a clear resin consists of triethylene glycol diacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate) | A resin with a component concentration described in the product information | Compositive material | Gold and PDMS | 20 nm thick gold + PDMS with a 10:1 ratio of base to curing agent | [152] |
| Lego-like construction and stereolithography (SLA) | Biomaterial inks (poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate + poly(acrylic acid)) | 10% w/v poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate + 5% w/v poly(acrylic acid) | Compositive material | N/A | N/A | [150] |